References
- Rock J A., Jacur H A. The clinical management of repeated early pregnancy wastage. Fertil Steril 1983; 39: 123–7
- Alberman E. The epidemiology of repeated abortion. Early pregnancy loss: mechanism and treatment, F. Sharp, R W Beard. Springer-Verlag, New York 1988; 9–17
- Regan L, Oven E J, Jacobs H S. Hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone, infertility and miscarriage. Lancet 1990; 336: 1141–5
- Stray-Pedersen B, Lorentzen-Styr A. Uterine toxoplasma infection and repeated abortions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 128: 716–21
- Nahmias A J, Josdey W E., Naib Z M, et al. Peritoneal risk associated with maternal genital herpes simplex virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971; 110: 825–39
- Thomas R, Reid R L. Thyroid disease and reproductive dysfunction: A review. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 789–98
- Dicker D, Feldberg D, Samuel N, et al. Spontaneous abortion in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: The effect of preconceptional diabetic control. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158: 1161–72
- Horta J LH, Fernandez J G, De Soto L B. Direct evidence of luteal insufficiency in women with habitual abortion. Obstet Gynecol 1977; 49: 705–9
- Tho P T, Byrd J R., McDonough P G. Etiologic and subsequent reproductive reform of 100 couples with recurrent abortion. Fertil Steril 1979; 32: 389–95
- Maier D B, Park A. Subclinical autoimmunity in recurrent aborters. Fertil Steril 1989; 51: 280–6
- Hill J A, Anderson D J. The embryo as an immunologic target in infertility and recurrent abortion. Perspectives in immunoreproduction: Conception and Contraception, S. Mathur, C M Fredericks. Hemisphere Publishing Corp, New York 1988; 261–77
- Stray-Pedersen B, Stray-Pedersen S. Etiologic factors and subsequent reproductive performance in 195 couples with a prior history of habitual abortion. Am J Obstet Gvnecol 1984; 148: 140–6
- Nicholas N S. Human fetal allograft survival. Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Studd. Churchill Livingstone, London 1989; Vol. 7: 18
- Hill J A, Haimovici F, Anderson D J. Products of activated lymphocytes and macrophages inhibit mouse embryo development in vitro. J Immunol 1987; 139(7)2250–4
- Berkowitz R A, Hill J A, Kurtz C B, Anderson D J. Effects of products of activated leukocytes (lymphokines and monokines) on the growth of malignant trophoblast cells in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158: 199–203
- Anderson D J, Hill J A, Haimovici F, Xu C. Application of new concepts in cell mediated immunity to the development of effective antifertility vaccines. Female contraception, B Rhunnbaum, T. Rab, L Kiessel. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1988; 351, update and trends
- Hill J A, Polgar K, Harlow B L, Anderson D J. Evidence of embryo-and trophoblast-toxic cellular immune response(s) in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166(4)1044–52
- Head J R. Can trophoblast be killed by cytotoxic cells? In vitro evidence and in vivo possibilities. Am J Reprod Immunol 1989; 20: 110–5
- Shiomura K, Manda T., Mukumoto S, Robayashi K., Nak-Anok K, Mori J. Recombinant human tumor necrosis fac-tor-a: Thrombus formation is a cause of anti-tumor activity. Int J Cancer 1988; 41: 243–7
- Silen M I, Firpo A, Morgello S, Lowry S F, Rancus T. In-terleukin-1-α and TNF-α cause placental injury in the rat. Am J Pathol 1989; 135: 239–44
- Huber C., Batchelor J R., Fuchs D, Hausen A, Lang A, et al. Immune response-associated production of neopterin. Release from macrophages primarily under control of inter-feron-gamma. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 310–6
- Troppmair J, Nachbaur K, Herold M, et al. In-vitro and in-vivo studies on the induction of neopterin biosynthesis by cytokines, alloantigens and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clin Exp Immunol 1988; 74: 392–7
- Fuchs D, Hausen A, Reibnegger G, et al. Neopterin as a marker for activated cell-mediated immunity: application in HIV infection. Immunol Today 1988; 9: 150–5
- Noyes R W, Hertig A T, Rock J. Dating the endometrial biopsy. Fertil Steril 1950; 1: 3–25
- Abraham G E, Marlouis G B, Marshall J R. Evaluation of the ovulation and corpus luteum function using measurement of plasma progresterone. Obstet Gynecol 1974; 44: 522–32
- Allen J N, Herzyk D J, Allen E D, Wewers M D. Human whole blood interleukin-1-beta production: kinetics, cell source and comparison with TNF-α. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 119(5)538–46
- Opsijon S L, Wathen N C., Tingulstad S, Wideswang G, et al. Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169(2)397–404
- Fakih H, Baggett B, Holtz G, et al. Interleukin-1: a possible role in the infertility associated with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1987; 47: 213–7
- Sueldo C E, Kelly E, Montro L, Subias E, et al. Effect of interleukin- 1 on gamete interaction and mouse embryo development. J Reprod Med Obstet Gynecol 1990; 35: 868–72
- Schneider K G, Armant D R, Kupper T S, Polan M L. Absence of a direct effect of recombinant interleukins and cultured peritoneal macrophages on early embryonic development in the mouse. Biol Reprod 1989; 40: 825–33
- Henderson D C., Sheldon J, Riches P, Hobbs J R. Cytokine, induction of neopterin production. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 83: 479–82
- Lea R G, Clark D A. Macrophages and migratory cells in endometrium relevant to implantation. Bailliere's Clin Obstet Gynaecol March, 1991; Vol. 5(No.l)25–59
- Lala P K, Scordras J M, Graham C H, Lysiak J J, Parhar R S. Activation of maternal killer cells in the pregnant uterus with chronic indomethacin therapy, IL-2 therapy or a combination therapy is associated with embryonic demise. Cell Immunol 1990; 127: 368–81
- Rhagupathy R, Singh B, Barrington-Leigh J, Wegmann T G. Ontogeny and turnover kinetics of paternal H-2k antigenic determinants on the allogenic murine placenta. J Immunol 1981; 127: 2074–9
- Clark D A. Are there immune abortions?. Res Immunol 1990; 141: 202–7
- Drake B L, Head J R. Murine trophoblast cells can be killed by lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells. J Immunol 1989; 143: 9–14
- Kauma S, Matt D, Strom S, Eierman D, Turner T. Interleukin- Iβ, human leukocyte antigen HLA-DRα, and transforming growth factor-β expression in endometrium, placenta and placental membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163(5)1430–7
- Athanasakis I, Bleackley R C., Paetkau V, Guilbert L, Barr P J, Wegmann T G. The immunostimulatory effect of T cells and T cell lymphokines on murine fetally derived placental cells. J Immunol 1987; 138: 37–44
- Halloran P F, Cockfield S M, Madrenas J. The mediators of inflammation [interleukin-1, interferon-α, and tumor necrosis factor] and their relevance to rejection. Transplant Proc 1988; 21: 26–30
- Voigt H J, Steib L. Tumor necrosis factor and pregnancy a contribution to the immunology of reproduction. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1989; 246(4)223–6
- Scuderi P, Sterling K E, Lam K S, Finely P R, et al. Raised serum levels of tumor necrosis factor in parasitic infections. Lancet 1986; 13: 1364–5
- Warner S JC, Libby P. Human vascular smooth muscle. Target for and source of tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 1989; 142: 100–10
- Zuckerman F A, Head J R. Murine trophoblast resist cell mediated lysis. Resistance to natural cell mediated cytotoxicity. Cell Immunol 1988; 116: 274–86
- Sargent I L, Wilkins T, Redman C WG. Maternal immune responses to the fetus in early pregnancy and recurrent miscarriage. Lancet 1988; 2: 1099–104
- Girardin E, Grau G E, Dayer J M, et al. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in the serum of children with severe infectious purpura. N Eng J Med 1988; 319(7)397–400
- Fuith L C., Fuchs D, Hausen A, Hetzel H, et al. Neopterin a marker of cell-mediated immune activation in human pregnancy. Int J Fertil 1991; 36(6)372–5
- Canessa A, Bono V D, Miletich F, Pistoia V. Serum cytokines in toxoplasmosis: Increased levels of inter-ferongamma in immunocompetent patients with lymph-adenopathy but not in AIDS patients with encephalitis. J Infect Dis 1992; 175: 1168–70
- Calderon J, Sheehan K CF, Chance C., Thomas M L, et al. Purification and characterization of the human inter-ferongamma receptor from placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1988; 85: 4837–47
- Berkowitz R S, Faris H M, Hill J A, Anderson D J. Localization of leukocytes and cytokines in chorionic villi of normal placentas and complete hydatiform moles. Gynecol Oncol 1990; 37(3)396–400
- Fowler A K, Reed C D, Giron D J. Identification of an interferon in murine placentas. Nature 1980; 286: 266–72
- Trinchieri G, Perussia B. Immune interferon: a pleiotropic lymphokine with multiple effects. Immunol Today 1985; 6: 131–6
- Schultz R M. Macrophage activation by interferon. Lymphokine Report 1980; 1: 63–9
- Paetkau V, Mills G B. Transplantation immunology: Cytokines and mechanisms of lymphocyte activation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1989; 9(1)21–43
- Aukrust P, Froland S S, Muller F. Raised serum neopterin levels in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia; correlation to other immunological parameters and to clin-cial and histological features. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 89: 211–6
- Werner E R, Bichler A, Daxenbichler G, et al. Determination of neopterin in serum and urine. Clin Chem 1987; 33(1)62–6
- Margrieter R, Fuchs D, Hausen A, Ch Huber, et al. Neopterin as a new biochemical marker for diagnosis of allograft rejection: Experience based upon evaluation of 100 consecutive cases. Transplantation 1983; 36: 650–8
- Woloszczuk W, Schwarz M, Pohanka E, Kovarik J. Relation of neopterin to gamma interferon serum levels in patients with kidney transplants. Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Pteridines, H Wachter, H C. Curtius, W Pfleid-Erer. Walter de Gruyter, New York 1985; vol. (4): 489