The Relationship of Optokinetic Nystagmus to Pursuit Eye Movements, Vestibular Nystagmus and to Saccades in Humans: A Clinical Study

References

• Ter Braak J WG. Untersuchungen über optokinetischen Nystagmus. Arch Neerl Physiol 1936; 21: 309–76
   Google Scholar
• Honrubia V, Downey W L, Mitchell D P, Ward PH. Experimental studies on optokinetic nystagmus. II. Normal humans. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1968; 65: 441–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Precht W. Anatomical and functional organisation of optokinetic pathways. Functional Basis of Ocular Motility Disorders, G Lennerstrand, DS Zee, EL Keller. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1982; 291–302
   Google Scholar
• Maekawa K, Simpson JI. Climbing fiber responses evoked in vestibulocerebellum of rabbit from visual system. J Neurophysiol 1973; 36: 649–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collewijn H. Direction-selective units in the rabbit's nucleus of the optic tract. Brain Res 1975; 100: 489–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collewijn H. Oculomotor areas in the rabbit's midbrain and pretectum. J Neurobiol 1975; 6: 3–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffmann K-P, Schoppmann A. Retinal input to direction selective cells in the nucleus tractus opticus of the cat. Brain Res 1975; 99: 359–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buizza A, Schmid R. Visual-vestibular interaction in the control of eye movement: mathematical modelling and computer simulation. Biol Cybern 1982; 43: 209–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zee D S, Yee R D, Robinson A. Optokinetic responses in labyrinthine-defective human beings. Brain Res 1976; 113: 423–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh R J, Zee DS. The Neurology of Eye Movement. FA Davis Company, Philadelphia 1983
   Google Scholar
• Baloh R W, Yee R D, Honrubia V. Clinical abnormalities of optokinetic nystagmus. Functional Basis of Ocular Motility Disorders, G Lennerstrand, DS Zee, EL Keller. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1982; 311–20
   Google Scholar
• Wennmo C, Hindfelt B, Pyykkö I. Eye movements in cerebellar and combined cerebello-brainstem diseases. Ann Otol Rhinol Layngol 1983; 92: 165–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee R D, Jenkins H A, Baloh R W, Honrubia V, Lau C GY. Vestibular-optokinetic interactions in normal subjects and in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction. J Otolaryngol 1978; 7: 310–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schalèn L, Pyykkö I, Henriksson N G, Jäntti V, Wennmo C. Does the spontaneous nystagmus interfere with eye tracking?. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1983; 30: 201–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandt T, Allum J HJ, Dichgans J. Computer analysis of optokinetic nystagmus in patients with spontaneous nystagmus of peripheral vestibular origin. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1978; 86: 115–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter R HS. Movements of the Eyes. Pion, London 1977
   Google Scholar
• Donaghy M. The cat's vestibulo-ocular reflex. J Physiol (Lond) 1980; 300: 337–51
   Google Scholar
• Pyykkö I, Dahlen AI. Intrabeat relationship of postrotatory nystagmus in normal subjects. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1985; 99: 74–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyykkö I, Dahlen AI. Intrabeat relationship of postrotatory nystagmus in patients with neurological disorders. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1985; 99: 113–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller EL. Participation of medial pontine reticular formation in eye movement generation in monkey. J Neurophysiol 1974; 37: 316–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson N G, Hindfelt B, Pyykkö I, Schalèn L. Rapid eye movements reflecting neurological disorders. Clin Otolaryngol 1981; 6: 111–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dichgans J, Nauck B, Brooks B. Saccadic eye movements directed to a visible target and intended saccades in the dark and with eyes closed. Their relations to quick phases of optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus. Pflügers Arch 1969; 313: R143
   Google Scholar
• Schmid R. Technical problems in stimulation, recording and analysis of eye movements. Nystagmus and Vertigo: Clinical Approaches to the Patient with Dizziness, V Honrubia, MAB Brazier. Academic Press, New York 1982; 81–94
   Google Scholar
• Davidoff R A, Atkin A, Anderson P J, Bender MB. Optokinetic nystagmus and cerebral disease. Clinical and pathological study. Arch Neurol 1966; 14: 73–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coats AC. Central and peripheral optokinetic asymmetry. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1968; 77: 938–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baloh R W, Honrubia V, Sills A. Eye-tracking and optokinetic nystagmus. Results of quantitative testing in patients with well-defined nervous system lesions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1977; 86: 108–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abel S M, Barber HO. Measurement of optokinetic nystagmus for otoneurological diagnosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981; 90: 1–12, Suppl. 79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennmo C, Henriksson N G, Pyykkö I, Schalèn L. Eye-velocity programming in brainstem disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981; 374: 774–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson N G, Pyykkö I, Schalèn L, Wennmo C. Velocity patterns of rapid eye movements. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1980; 89: 504–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schalèn L. Quantification of tracking eye movements in normal subjects. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1980; 90: 404–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyykkö I, Dahlen A I, Henriksson N G, Juhola M. Clinical evaluation of dysrhythmia of postrotatory nystagmus. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984; 98: 279–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson N G, Pfaltz C R, Torok N, Rubin W. A Synopsis of the Vestibular System. Sandoz Monographs. Gasser & Cie AG, Basel 1972
   Google Scholar
• Winer BJ. Statistical Principles in Experimental Design. McGraw-Hill, New York 1971; 133–6
   Google Scholar
• Yee R D, Baloh R W, Honrubia V, Lau C GY, Jenkins HA. Slow build-up of optokinetic nystagmus associated with downbeat nystagmus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1979; 18: 622–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogan DG. Down-beat nystagmus. Arch Ophthalmol 1968; 80: 757–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen B, Matsuo V, Raphan T. Quantitative analysis of the velocity characteristics of optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus. J Physiol (Lond) 1977; 270: 321–44
   Google Scholar
• Honrubia V, Luxon L. Optokinetic nystagmus with reference to the smooth-pursuit function. Otoneurology, WJ Oosterveld. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester/New York/Brisbane/Toronto/Singapore 1984; 195–220
   Google Scholar
• Allum J HJ, Graf W, Dichgans J, Schmidt CL. Visual-vestibular interactions in the vestibular nuclei of the goldfish. Exp Brain Res 1976; 26: 463–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dichgans J, Brandt T. Visual-vestibular interaction and motion perception. Bibl Ophthalmol 1972; 82: 327–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keller E L, Precht W. Visual-vestibular responses in vestibular nuclear neurons in the intact and cerebellectomized, alert cat. Neurosci 1979; 4: 1599–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waespe W, Henn V. Neuronal activity in the vestibular nuclei of the alert monkey during vestibular and optokinetic stimulation. Exp Brain Res 1977; 523–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig E, Allum J HJ, Dichgans J. Visual-vestibular interaction upon nystagmus slow phase velocity in man. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1978; 85: 397–410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen B, Henn V, Raphan T, Dennett D. Velocity storage, nystagmus, and visual-vestibular interactions in humans. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981; 374: 421–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaltz C R, Böhmer A. The influence of the pursuit and optokinetic system upon vestibular responses in man. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1981; 91: 515–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar