References
- Skoulas I, Helidonis E, Kountakis S. Evaluation of sinusitis in the intensive care unit patient. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;128:503–9.
- Talmor M, Li P, Barie P. Acute paranasal sinusitis in critically ill patients: guidelines for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:1441–6.
- Stein M, Caplan E. Nosocomial sinusitis: a unique subset of sinusitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005;18:147–50.
- Caplan E, Hoyt N. Nosocomial sinusitis. JAMA 1982;247:639–41.
- O'Reilly M, Reddick E, Black W, Carter P, Erhardt J, Fill W, Sepsis from sinusitis in nasotracheally intubated patients. A diagnostic dilemma. Am J Surg 1984;147:601–4.
- Oktedalen O, Lilleås F. Septic complications to sphenoidal sinus infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1992;24:353–6.
- van Zanten A, Dixon J, Nipshagen M, de Bree R, Girbes A, Polderman K. Hospital-acquired sinusitis is a common cause of fever of unknown origin in orotracheally intubated critically ill patients. Crit Care 2005;9:R583–90.
- Ylipalosaari P, Ala-Kokko T, Laurila J, Ohtonen P, Syrjälä H. Epidemiology of intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infections in a 14-month prospective cohort study in a single mixed Scandinavian university hospital ICU. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006;50:1192–7.
- Knodel AR, Beekman JF. Unexplained fevers in patients with nasotracheal intubation. JAMA 1982;248:868–70.
- Vargas F, Boyer A, Bui HN, Salmi LR, Gruson D, Hilbert G. A postural change test improves the prediction of a radiological maxillary sinusitis by ultrasonography in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:1474–8.
- Kountakis S, Burke L, Rafie J, Bassichis B, Maillard A, Stiernberg C. Sinusitis in the intensive care unit patient. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:362–6.
- Riga M, Danielidis V, Pneumatikos I. Rhinosinusitis in the intensive care unit patients: a review of the possible underlying mechanisms and proposals for the investigation of their potential role in functional treatment interventions. J Crit Care 2010;25:171. e9–14.
- Westergren V, Otori N, Stierna P. Experimental nasal intubation: a study of changes in nasoantral mucosa and bacterial flora. Laryngoscope 1999;109(7 Pt 1):1068–73.
- Bach A, Boehrer H, Schmidt H, Geiss H. Nosocomial sinusitis in ventilated patients. Nasotracheal versus orotracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1992;47:335–9.
- Rouby J, Laurent P, Gosnach M, Cambau E, Lamas G, Zouaoui A, Risk factors and clinical relevance of nosocomial maxillary sinusitis in the critically ill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:776–83.
- Holzapfel L. Nosocomial maxillary sinusitis during mechanical ventilation: comparison of orotracheal versus the nasotracheal route for intubation. Intensive Care Med 1991;17:125–6.
- Pneumatikos I, Konstantonis D, Tsagaris I, Theodorou V, Vretzakis G, Danielides V, Prevention of nosocomial maxillary sinusitis in the ICU: the effects of topically applied alpha-adrenergic agonists and corticosteroids. Intensive Care Med 2006;32:532–7.
- Borman K, Brown P, Mezera K, Jhaveri H. Occult fever in surgical intensive care unit patients is seldom caused by sinusitis. Am J Surg 1992;164:412–15.
- Stammberger H, Posawetz W. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Concept, indications and results of the Messerklinger technique. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1990;247:63–76.
- Humphrey M, Simpson G, Grindlinger G. Clinical characteristics of nosocomial sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1987;96:687–90.