8
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Aggression: Instinct or Symptom?

Pages 66-77 | Published online: 06 Jul 2009

References

  • Scott J. P. Aggression. University Press, Chicago 1958
  • Aggressive Behaviour: Some References. Compiled by Derek Freeman; cyclostyled, Canberra 1970, and printed as an Appendix to this article). Directed as it is to consideration of the question: “Aggression — Instinct or Symptom?”, this present paper is specifically concerned with aspects of the basic aetiology of aggressive behaviour, and contains no discussion of the use of aggression as an instrument of policy, either on the part of individuals or of groups
  • Carthy J. D., Ebling F. J. The Natural History of Aggression. Academic Press, London and New York 1964, For the proceedings of these symposia consult:C. D. Clemente and D. B. Lindsley (Eds.), Aggression and Defense (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1967); and S. Garattini and E. B. Sigg (Eds.), Aggressive Behaviour (Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1969).
  • Lorenz K. On Aggression. Methuen, London 1966
  • Wolfgang M. E., Ferracuti F. The Subculture of Violence. Tavistock Publications, London 1967; 192, cf. also W. M. S. Russell's review of Man and Aggression, ed. M. F. Ashley Montagu, Nature (1969), 221: 1077
  • Watson J. B. Behaviorism. Norton and Co., New York 1925; 74, “What is Behaviorism?” Harper's Magazine (1926), 152: 729.
  • Man and Aggression, M. F. Ashley Montagu. Oxford University Press, New York 1968; x
  • Bernard L. L. Instinct: A Study in Social Psychology. Holt, New York 1924
  • Johannsen W. Elemente der exakten Erblichkeit. Fischer, Jena 1909
  • Conklin E. G. Heredity and Environment in the Development of Man, Rev. Ed. University Press, Princeton 1930; 72
  • Zirkle C. Evolution, Marxian Biology and the Social Scene. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1959; 447
  • Dobzhansky T. Heredity and the Nature of Man. Harcourt. Brace and World, New York 1964; 55
  • Moyer K. E. Internal impulses to aggression. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series Ii0 1969; 31: 111
  • Moyer. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series Ii. 104
  • Kaada B. Brain mechanisms related to aggressive behaviour. Aggression and Defense, C. D. Clemente, D. B. Lindsley. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1967; 95–133
  • Smith D. E., King M. B., Hoebel B. G. Lateral hypothalamic control of killing: evidence for a cholinoceptive mechanism. Science 1970; 167: 900–901
  • MacLean P. D. The limbic system with respect to two basic life principles. The Central Nervous System and Behavior, M. A. B. Brazier. Macy Foundation, New York 1959; 31–118, J. M. R. Delgado, Aggression and defense under cerebral radio control, in Aggression and Defense, ed. C. D. Clemente and D. B. Lindsley (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1967), pp. 171–193
  • Maley M. J. Electrical stimulation of agonistic behaviour in the mallard. Behaviour 1969; 34: 138–160, W. W. Roberts, M. L. Steinberg and L. W. Means, Hypothalamic mechanisms for sexual, aggressive and other motivational behaviours in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. (1967), 64: 1–15; J. P. Flynn, The neuronal basis of aggression in cats, in Neurophysiology and Emotion, ed. D. C. Glass (New York, Rockefeller University Press and Russell Sage Foundation, 1967), pp. 40–60; J. M. R. Delgado, Aggression and defense under cerebral radio control, in Agression and Defense, ed. C. D. Clemente and D. B. Lindsley (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1967), pp. 171–193; and, Offensive-defensive behaviour in free monkeys and chimpanzees induced by radio stimulation of the brain, in Aggressive Behaviour, ed. S. Garattini and E. B. Sigg (Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1969), pp. 109–119.
  • Ervin F. R., Mark V. H., Stevens J. Behavioral and affective responses to brain stimulation in man. Neurobiological Aspects of Psychopathology, J. Zubin. Grune and Stratton, New York 1969; 54–65
  • King H. E. Psychological effects of excitation of the limbic system. Electrical Stimulation of the Brain, D. E. Sheer. University of Texas Press, Austin 1961; 484–485
  • Ginsberg B. E., Allee W. C. Some effects of conditioning on social dominance and subordination in inbred strains of mice. Physiological Zoology 1942; 15: 485–506, J. P. Scott, Genetic differences in the social behaviour of inbred strains of mice, J. Hered. (1942), 33: 11–15.
  • Ginsberg B. E. Genetic parameters in behavior research. Behavior-Genetic Analysis, J. Hirsch. McGraw-Hill, New York 1967; 146
  • Lagerspetz K. M. J. Aggression and aggressiveness in laboratory mice. Aggressive Behaviour, S. Garattini, E. B. Sigg. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam 1969; 79
  • Cf K. E. A Preliminary Physiological Model of Aggressive Behavior. Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University. 1968; 16, Report No. 68–32 Moyer's comment in his paper “Although I know of no studies which demonstrate the inheritance of aggressive tendencies in man, there is little reason to believe that such tendencies are not inherited. Certainly, there are vast inherited differences in the human nervous and endocrine systems. If as suggested in this model, human aggressive behavior is, in Eart, determined by neuro-endocrine mechanisms, It is only reasonable to assume that aggressive tendencies in man are inherited just as the tendency to epilepsy is inherited.” (Cf. Moyer, 1968, for references)
  • Scott J. P., Fredericson E. The cause of fighting in mice. Physiological Zoology 1951; 24: 273–309, J. P. Scott, Hostility and aggression in animals, in Roots of Behavior, ed. E. L. Bliss (New York, Harper, 1962), p. 168.
  • Scott J. P. Aggression. University Press, Chicago 1958
  • Moyer K. E. Internal impulses to aggression. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series Ii 1969; 31: 105
  • Delgado J. M. R. Offensive-defensive behaviour in free monkeys and chimpanzees induced by radio stimulation of the brain. Aggressive Behaviour, S. Garattini, E. B. Sigg. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam 1969; 114
  • Lagerspetz K. M. J. Aggression and aggressiveness in laboratory mice. Aggressive Behaviour, S. Garattini, E. B. Sigg. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam 1969; 83
  • Berkowitz L. The frustration-aggression hypothesis revisited. Roots of Aggression, L. Berkowitz. Atherton Press, New York 1969; 3
  • Berkowitz L. Aggression and Defense, C. D. Clemente, D. B. Lindsley. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1967; 288
  • Darwin C. The Descent of Man. John Murray, London 1901; 172
  • Gibbs F. A. Ictal and non-ictal psychiatric disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy. J. nerv. ment. Dis. 1951; 113: 522–528, D. A. Treffert, The psychiatric patient with an Eeg temporal lobe focus, Amer. J. Psychiat. (1964), 120: 765–771.
  • Swade E. D., Geiger S. C. Abnormal Eeg fiindings in severe behavior disorder. Dis. nerv. Sys. 1956; 17: 307–317, S. M. Woods, Adolescent violence and homicide: ego disruption and the 6 and 14 dysrhythmia, Arch. gen. Psychiat. (1961), 5: 528–534.
  • Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II 1969; Vol. 31(No. 2)104–114, For further discussion of the now substantial evidence for the existence of “internal impulses to aggression” reference may be made to Professor K. E. Moyer's illuminating paper in the
  • Southwick C. H. Aggressive behaviour of rhesus monkeys in natural and captive groups. Aggressive Behaviour, S. Garattini, E. B. Sigg. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam 1969; 32–43, for a survey of other recent research on the aggressive behaviour of primates see C. Russell and W. M. S. Russell, Violence, Monkeys and Men (London, Mac-millan, 1968
  • Southwick. Aggressive Behaviour. 42
  • Wolfe J. L., Summerlin C. T. Agonistic behavior in organized and disorganized cotton rat populations. Science 1968; 160: 98–99
  • Wynne-Edwards V. C. Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh and London 1962; 132, For a discussion of this point see seq., where a society is defined as “an organization of individuals capable of providing conventional competition among its members”.
  • Moyer K. E. Internal impulses to aggression. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series Ii 1969; 31: 110
  • Wolfgang M. E., Ferracuti F. The Subculture of Violence. Tavistock Publications, London 1967, Human societies, for example, differ considerably in the extent to which they condone modes of institutionalized and culturally transmitted aggressive behaviour; cf. also
  • Moyer. The Subculture of Violence. 110
  • Moyer K. E. Brain research must contribute to world peace. Carnegie Review 1968; 17: 4–17
  • Welch B. L. Symposium Summary. Aggressive Behaviour, S. Garattini, E. B. Sigg. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam 1969; 369

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.