References
- Temkin O. However. His book The Sacred Disease, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, See, for example, the pseudo-Aristotelian Problems, XXX, ‘Problems concerned with Thought, Intelligence and Wisdom’, 1971, strongly argues against the proposition that Euripides was trying to depict Heracles as an epileptic
- ‘The Psychotherapy Scene in Euripides' Bacchae’. Journal of Hellenic Studies 1970; XC: 35–48
- Herodotus. The Histories, A. de Selincourt. Harmondsworth, Penguin 1968; VI: 75
- , For another example of divinely inspired madness in Herodotus, see his account of the Persian king Cambyses in Book III. Cambyses' madness was said by the Egyptians to be a punishment for his sacrilegious slaying of the sacred Apiscalf. Herodotus is sceptical here, preferring to regard Cambyses’ insanity as having developed from his life-long epilepsy
- Aristophanes, Wasps, 85 ff
- Hippocrates. The Sacred Disease, chs II and IV
- The question of religious pollution is the subject of R. Parker's book. Pollution and Purification in Early Greek Religion, Miasma, Clarendon, Oxford, 1983; see especially pp. 208 ff for his discussion of katharmos. Washing the hands is one of the compulsive acts of neurotics, and may involve a symbolism like that of ritual purification
- Edelstein E. J., Edelstein L. Asclepius: a Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies. Johns Hopkins, Baltimore 1945, Strangely, the 43 epigraphically attested cures from the temple of Asclepius at Epidaurus do not contain a single example of a cure for insanity. For Asclepius
- Dodds E. R. The Greeks and the Irrational. University of California Press, Berkeley 1951; 78, For the therapeutic nature of Corybantism, see ff
- , Plato, Laws 790 e
- 213, Op. cit.
- , Theophrastus, History of Plants, 9.10
- 79ff
- Aristophanes. Fragment 58, in C. Austin, Comicorum Graecorum Fragmenta in Papyris Reperta. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1973
- , Hippocrates, The Sacred Disease, ch. IV
- , Matthew, 28
- , The German word Larve, grub‘, also retains its Latin derivative meaning of ‘spectre’ or ‘ghoul’
- , Cf., Paulus, Digest 21.1.43, where the opposition of lunaticus to furiosus, the regular word for insane, shows that it cannot mean ‘insane’
- ‘Remarks on Ancient Psychopathology’. Isis 1955; 46: 223–34
- , See, for example, Pseudo-Aristotle, Problems, XXX (cited in footnote 1) for the ‘melancholic man’
- , The concept of the ‘psychic pneuma’ was still current as late as the seventeenth century AD. The English physician Thomas Willis wrote in 1682 that epilepsy was caused by the explosion of ‘spiritus animalis’ in the middle of the brain. Spiritus animalis is an exact Latin translation of the Greek psychicon pneuma, and the psyche was located, in Greek thought, in the centre of the brain. I owe this reference to Thomas Willis to Professor M. J. Eadie
- Caelius Aurelianus. Acute Diseases, 1: 35
- Chronic Diseases, I: 144ff
- Chronic Diseases, I: 180ff
- Celsus. De Medicina. V.21
- Chronic Diseases, IV: 131ff, Cited by Aurelianus
- Acute Diseases, I: 58, See Celsus, op. cit. III.18 and Aurelianus, ff and Chronic Diseases I.155 ff, for all these and the following methods of treatment
- , Op. cit., III.18.10
- , sections 4, 10, 21
- Chronic Diseases, I: 175
- The story is told by Cicero, De SenectuteOn Old Age), ch. 22, and Plutarch, Moralia 785a
- , Plato, Laws 864 d–e, XLVI.14; Digest, XXVII.10.6
- , Plato, Laws 864 d-e, 934 c-d
- AMS Press, New York 1973; 259–60, Digest, 1.18.14, from Macer's De ludiciis PublicisOn Criminal Trials), translated by S. P. Scott, in The Civil Law, vol. 1, I am indebted for this reference to my colleague, Dr S. Dixon
- Simon B. Mind and Madness in Ancient Greece: the Classical Roots of Modern Psychiatry. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY 1978; 209ff
- ‘Mental Health in Plato's Republic‘. The Anatomy of the Soul: Historical Essays in the Philosophy of the Mind, A. Kenny. Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1973; 1–27
- Galen, vol. XVI: 456, (Kuhn)