The Differential Diagnosis of Negative Symptoms in Chronic Schizophrenia

References

• Kendler K S, Greenberg A M, Tsuang M T. Subtype stability in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 142: 827–832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss J S, Carpenter W T, Bartko J J. The diagnosis and understanding of schizophrenia: III. Speculation on the processes that underlie schizophrenic symptoms and signs. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1974; 11: 61–69
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crow T J. The two-syndrome concept: Origins and current status. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1985; 11: 471–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger D R. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1987; 44: 660–669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer M, Alpert M, Stasny P, Perlick D, Empfield M. Multiple contributions to clinical presentation of flat affect in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1985; 11: 420–426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen N C. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 139–788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter W T, Heinrichs D W, Wagman A M. Deficit and non-deficit forms of schizophrenia: The concept. American Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 145: 578–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch S R. Depression “revealed” in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982; 140: 421–424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels S J, Drake R E. Depressive symptoms in schizophrenia: Comprehensive differential diagnosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1988; 29: 467–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alarcon de R, Carney M WP. Severe depressive mood changes following slow release intramuscular fluphenazine injection. British Medical Journal 1969; iii: 564–567
   Google Scholar
• Van Putten T, May P RA. Akinetic depression in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978; 35: 1101–1107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifkin A. The risks of long term neuroleptic treatment of schizophrenia; especially depression and akinesia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica(Suppl.) 1981; 63: 129–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson D AW. Studies of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia I: the prevalence of depression and its possible causes. British Journal of Psychiatry 1981; 139: 89–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knights A, Hirsch S R. Revealed depression and drug treatment of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1981; 38: 806–811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wistedt B, Palmstierna T. Depressive symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients after withdrawal of long acting neuroleptics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1983; 44: 369–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogarty G E, Munetz M R. Pharmacogenic depression among outpatient schizophrenic patients: A failure to substantiate. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1984; 4: 17–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overall J E. The Brief Psychiatric Ratin Scale in psychopharmacology research. Pharmacopsychiatry, P. Pichot. Karger, Basel 1974; 67–78
   Google Scholar
• Whiteford H A, Riney S J, Csemansky J G. Distinguishing depressive and negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Psychopathology 1987; 20: 234–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Klein D F. Akinesia: A poorly recognized drug induced extrapyramidal behavioural disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1975; 20: 234–236
   Google Scholar
• Prosser E S, Csemansky J G, Kaplan J, Thiemann S, Becker T, Hollister L E. Depression parkinsonian symptoms and negative symptoms in schizophrenics treated with neuroleptics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1987; 175: 100–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter W T, Heinrichs D W, Alphs L D. Treatment of negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1985; 11: 440–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing J K, Brown G. Institutionalism and Schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1970
   Google Scholar
• Henderson A S. Personal networks and the schizophrenias. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 14: 255–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake R E, Sederer L I. The adverse effects of intensive treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1986; 27: 313–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg S C. Negative and deficit symptoms in schizophrenia do respond to neuroleptics. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1985; 11: 453–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubin J. Negative symptoms: Are they indigenous to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1985; 11: 461–470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler L G, Re Tessler, Nyez G R. Co-occurrence of psychiatric and medical morbidity in primary care. Journal of Family Practice 1983; 16: 319–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koran L M. Report on the special project for medical evaluation. Prepared for the Legislature of California. November, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Koranyi E K. Morbidity and rage of undiagnosed physical illness in a psychiatric clinic population. Archives of General Psychiatry 1979; 36: 414–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer S. Medical problems of chronic patients in a community support programme. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1987; 38: 745–749
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safer D J. Substance abuse by young adult chronic patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1987; 38: 511–514
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider F R, Siris G. A review of psychoactive substance use and abuse in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1987; 175: 641–652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing J K. Clinical concepts of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia: Toward a New Synthesis, JK. Wing. Academic Press, London 1978; 1–30
   Google Scholar