References
- Regier D A, Farmer M E, Rae D S, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. Journal of the American Medical Association 1990; 264: 2511–2518
- Hall W. What have population surveys revealed about substance use disorders and their co-morbidity with other mental disorders. Drug and Alcohol Review 1996; 15: 157–170
- Wells J E, Bushnell J A, Hornblow A R, Joyce P R, Oakley-Browne M A. Christchurch Psychiatric Epidemiology Study, Part I. Methodology and lifetime prevalence for specific psychiatric disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 23: 315–326
- Oakley-Browne M A, Joyce P R, Wells J E, Bushnell J A, Hornblow A R. Christchurch Psychiatric Epidemiology Study, Part 11. Six month and other period prevalences of specific psychiatric disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 23: 327–340
- Bland R C, Newman S C, Orn H. Alcohol abuse and dependence in Edmonton, Canada. Alcoholism in North America, Europe and Asia, J E Helzer, G J Canino. Oxford University Press, New York 1992; 97–112
- Jenkins R, Lewis G, Bebbington P, et al. The National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys of Great Britain—initial findings from the Household Survey. Psychological Medicine 1997; 27: 775–789
- Wells J W, Bushnell J A, Joyce P R, Hornblow A R, Oakley-Browne M A. Alcohol abuse and dependence in New Zealand. Alcoholism in North America. Europe and Asia, J E Helzer, G J Canino. Oxford University Press, New York 1992; 199–214
- Galbaud du Fort G, Newman S C, Bland R C. Psychiatric comorbidity and treatment seeking. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1993; 181: 467–474
- Bland R C, Orn H, Newman S C. Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1988; 77((Suppl. 338))24–32
- Kessler R C, McGonagle K A, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994; 51: 8–19
- Regier D A, Narrow W E, Rae D S, Manderscheid R W, Locke B Z, Goodwin M D. The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system: epidemiological catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993; 50: 85–94
- Kessler R C. Epidemiology of psychiatric comorbidity. Textbook in psychiatric-epidemiology, M Tsuang, M Tohen, G Zahner. Wiley, New York 1995; 179–197
- Mueser K T, Bennett M, Kushner M G. Epidemiology of substance use disorders among persons with chronic mental illnesses. Double jeopardy: chronic mental illness and substance use disorders, A F Lehman, L B Dixon. Harwood Academic, ChurSwitzerland 1995; 9–25
- Lehman A F, Myers P C, Corty E, Thompson J W. Prevalence and patterns of 'Dual Diagnosis' among psychiatric inpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1994; 35: 106–112
- Test A M, Knoedler W H, Allness D J, Burke S S. Characteristics of young adults with schizophrenic disorders treated in the community. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1985; 36: 853–858
- Safer D J. Substance abuse by young adult chronic patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1985; 38: 511–514
- Drake R E, Wallach M A. Substance use among the chronically mentally ill. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1989; 40: 1041–1046
- Drake R E, Osher F C, Wallach M A. Alcohol use and abuse in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1989; 177: 408–414
- Bartels S J, Teague G B, Drake R E, Clark R E, Bush P W, Noordsy D L. Substance abuse in schizophrenia: service utilization and costs. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1993; 181: 4227–4232
- Osher F C, Drake R E, Noordsy D L, et al. Correlates and outcomes of alcohol disorder among rural outpatients with schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994; 55: 109–113
- Battels S E, Drake R E, Wallach M A. Long-term course of substance use disorders among patients with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services 1995; 46: 248–251
- Kozaric-Kovacic D, Folnegovic V, Folnegovic Z, Marusic A. Influence of alcoholism on the prognosis of schizophrenic patients. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1995; 56: 622–627
- Menezes P R, Johnson S, Thornicroft G, et al. Drug and alcohol problems among individuals with severe mental illness in South London. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 168: 612–619
- Swofford C D, Kasckow J W, Sceller-Gilkey G, Inderbitzen L B. Substance use: a powerful predictor of relapse in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1996; 20: 145–151
- Owen R R, Fischer E P, Booth B M, Cuffel B J. Medication non-compliance and substance abuse among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 1996; 47: 853–858
- Kovasznay B, Fleischer J, Tanenberg-Karant M, Jandorf L, Miller A D, Bromet E. Substance use disorder and the early course of illness in schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1997; 23: 195–201
- Richard M L, Liskow B I, Perry P J. Recent psychostimulant use in hospitalised schizophrenics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1985; 46: 79–83
- Dixon L, Haas G, Weiden P J, Sweeney J, Frances A J. Drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: clinical correlates and reasons for use. American Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 148: 224–230
- Crowe D B, Rosse R B, Sheridan M J, Deutsch S I. Substance use diagnosis and discharge patterns among psychiatric inpatients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1991; 42: 403–405
- Fowler I L, Carr V J, Carter N T, Lewin T J. Patterns of current and lifetime substance use in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, (in press)
- Cuffel B J, Chase M S. Remission and relapse of substance use disorders in schizophrenia: results from a one-year prospective study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1994; 182: 342–348
- Cuffel B J. Comorbid substance use disorder: prevalence, patterns of use, and course. New Directions for Mental Health Services 1996; 70: 93–105
- Baigent M, Holme G, Hafner R J. Self-reports of the interaction between substance abuse and schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 29: 69–74
- Brunette M F, Mueser K T, Xie H, Drake R E. Relationships between symptoms of schizophrenia and substance abuse. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1997; 185: 13–20
- Knudsen P, Vilmar T. Cannabis and neuroleptic agents in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1984; 69: 162–174
- Arndt S, Tyrrell G, Flaum M, Andreasen N C. Comorbidity of substance abuse and schizophrenia: the role of premorbid adjustment. Psychological Medicine 1992; 22: 379–388
- Smith J, Hucker S. Schizophrenia and substance abuse. British Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 165: 13–21
- Drake R E, Rosenberg S D, Mueser K T. Assessing substance use disorder in persons with severe mental illness. New Directions for Mental Health Services 1996; 70: 3–17
- Milling R N, Faulkner L R, Craig J M. Problems in the recognition and treatment of patients with dual diagnosis. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 1994; 11: 267–271
- Ananth J, Vandewater S, Kamal S, Broksky A, Gamal R, Miller M. Missed diagnosis of substance abuse in psychiatric patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1989; 4: 297–299
- Drake R E, Osher F C, Noordsy D L, Hurlbut S C, Teague G B, Beaudett M S. Diagnosis of alcohol use disorders in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1990; 16: 57–67
- Carey K B, Cocco K M, Simons J S. Concurrent validity of clinicians' ratings of substance abuse among psychiatric outpatients. Psychiatric Services 1996; 47: 842–847
- Mc Hugo G J, Paskus T S, Drake R E. Detection of alcoholism in schizophrenia using the MAST. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1993; 17: 187–191
- Appleby L, Dyson V, Luchins D J, Cohen L S. The impact of substance use screening on a public psychiatric inpatient population. Psychiatric Services 1997; 48: 1311–1316
- Prochaska J O, Di Clemente C C, Norcross J C. In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviours. American Psychologist 1992; 47: 1102–1114
- Ziedonis D M, Trudeau K. Motivation to quit using substances among individuals with schizophrenia: implications for a motivation-based treatment model. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1997; 23: 229–238
- Osher F C, Kofoed L L. Treatment of patients with psychiatric and psychoactive substance abuse disorders. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1989; 40: 1025–1030
- Mc Hugo G J, Drake R E, Burton H L, Ackerson T H. A scale for assessing the stage of substance abuse treatment in persons with severe mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1995; 183: 762–767
- Drake R E, Mueser K T, Clark R E, Wallach M A. The course, treatment, and outcome of substance disorder in persons with severe mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1996; 66: 42–51
- Ridgely M S, Goldman H H, Willenbring M. Barriers to the care of persons with dual diagnoses: organizational and financing issues. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1990; 16: 123–132
- Minkhoff K. An integrated treatment model for dual diagnosis of psychosis and addiction. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1989; 40: 1031–1036
- Drake R E, Teague G B, Warren S R. Dual diagnosis: the New Hampshire program. Addiction and Recovery 1990; 10: 35–39
- Daley D C, Salloum I, Jones-Barlock A. Integrating a dual-disorder program in an acute-care psychiatric hospital. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 1990; 13: 45–56
- Drake R E, Bartels J B, Teague G B, Noordsy D L, Clark R E. Treatment of substance abuse in severely mentally ill patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1993; 181: 606–611
- Galanter M, Egelko S, Edwards H, Vergaray M. A treatment system for combined psychiatric and addictive illness. Addiction 1994; 89: 1227–1234
- Conner K R, Silverstein S M, McCullock Melnyk K A, Maxey J T. The development of a partial hospitalization program for mentally ill chemically abusing (MICA) patients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 1995; 12: 311–318
- Carey K B. Substance use reduction in the context of outpatient psychiatric treatment: a collaborative, motivational harm reduction approach. Community Mental Health Journal 1996; 32: 291–306
- Bradizza C M, Stasiewicz P R. Integrating substance abuse treatment for the seriously mentally ill into inpatient psychiatric treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 1997; 14: 103–111
- Mercer-McFadden C, Drake R E, Brown N B, Fox R S. The community support program demonstrations of services for young adults with severe mental illness and substance use disorders, 1987–91. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 1997; 20: 13–24
- Mueser K T, Drake R E, Miles K M. The course and treatment of substance use disorder in persons with severe mental illness. Treatment of drug-dependent individuals with comorbid mental disorders, L S Onken, J D Blaine, S Genser, A M Horton. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 1997; 172: 86–109, National Institue of Drug Abuse (NIDA) Research Monograph 172
- Kofoed L, Kania J, Walsh T, Atkinson R M. Outpatient treatment of patients with substance abuse and coexisting psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 1986; 143: 867–872
- Bond G R, McDonel E C, Miller L D, Pensec M. Assertive community treatment and reference groups: an evaluation of their effectiveness for young adults with serious mental illness and substance abuse problems. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 1991; 15: 31–43
- Swindle R W, Phibbs C S, Paradide M J, Recine B P, Moos R H. Inpatient treatment for substance abuse patients with psychiatric disorders: a national study of determinants of readmission. Journal of Substance Abuse 1995; 7: 79–97
- Drake R E, McHugo G J, Noordsy D L. Treatment of alcoholism among schizophrenic outpatients: 4-year outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 150: 328–329
- Bartels S J, Drake R E. A pilot study of residential treatment for dual diagnoses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1996; 184: 379–381
- Drake R E, Yovetich N A, Bebout R R, Harris M, McHugo G J. Integrated treatment for dually diagnosed homeless adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1997; 185: 298–305
- Jerrel J M, Ridgely S. Comparative effectiveness of three approaches to serving people with severe mental illness and substance abuse disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1995; 183: 566–576
- Jerrel J M, Ridgely M S. Evaluating changes in symptoms and functioning of dually diagnosed clients in specialized treatment. Psychiatric Services 1995; 46: 233–238
- Crump M T, Milling R N. The efficacy of substance abuse education among dual-diagnosis patients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 1996; 13: 141–144