2,860
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Premotor Symptoms and Early Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease

Pages 3-8 | Received 16 Mar 2011, Published online: 31 Oct 2011

REFERENCES

  • Dawson TM, Ko HS, Dawson VL. Genetic animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neuron. 2010;66:646–61.
  • Cookson MR, Bandmann O. Parkinson's disease: insights from pathways. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19:R21-7.
  • Langston JW. The Parkinson's complex: parkinsonism is just the tip of the iceberg. Ann Neurol. 2006;59:591–6.
  • Haehner A, Boesveldt S, Berendse HW, Mackay-Sim A, Fleischmann J, Silburn PA, Johnston AN, Mellick GD, Herting B, Reichmann H, Hummel T. Prevalence of smell loss in Parkinson's disease—a multicenter study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15:490–4.
  • Ansari KA, Johnson A. Olfactory function in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Chron Dis. 1975;28:493–7.
  • Ward CD, Hess WA, Calne DB. Olfactory impairment in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1983;33:943–6.
  • Quinn NP, Rossor MN, Marsden CD. Olfactory threshold in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1987;50:88–9.
  • Herting B, Schulze S, Reichmann H, Haehner A, Hummel T. A longitudinal study of olfactory function in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2008;255:367–70.
  • Ashendorf L, Constantinou M, Duff K, McCaffrey RJ. Performance of community-dwelling adults ages 55 to 75 on the University of Pennsylvania smell identification test: an item analysis. Appl Neuropsychol. 2005;12:24–9.
  • Lafreniere D, Mann N. Anosmia: loss of smell in the elderly. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2009;42:123–31.
  • McShane RH, Nagy Z, Esiri MM, King E, Joachim C, Sullivan N, Smith AD. Anosmia in dementia is associated with Lewy bodies rather than Alzheimer's pathology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70:739–43.
  • Williams SS, Williams J, Combrinck M, Christie S, Smith AD, McShane R. Olfactory impairment is more marked in patients with mild dementia with Lewy bodies than those with mild Alzheimer disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80:667–70.
  • Garland EM, Raj SR, Peltier AC, Robertson D, Biaggioni I. A cross-sectional study contrasting olfactory function in autonomic disorders. Neurology. 2011;76:456–60.
  • Silveira-Moriyama L, Hughes G, Church A, Ayling H, Williams DR, Petrie A, Holton J, Revesz T, Kingsbury A, Morris HR, Burn DJ, Lees AJ. Hyposmia in progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord. 2010;25:570–7.
  • Katzenschlager R, Zijlmans J, Evans A, Watt H, Lees AJ. Olfactory function distinguishes vascular parkinsonism from Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:1749–52.
  • Busenbark KL, Huber SJ, Greer G, Pahwa R, Koller WC. Olfactory function in essential tremor. Neurology. 1992;42: 1631–2.
  • Silveira-Moriyama L, Schwingenschuh P, O'Donnell A, Schneider SA, Mir P, Carrillo F, Terranova C, Petrie A, Grosset DG, Quinn NP, Bhatia KP, Lees AJ. Olfaction in patients with suspected parkinsonism and scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDDs). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80:744–8.
  • Shah M, Muhammed N, Findley LJ, Hawkes CH. Olfactory tests in the diagnosis of essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14:563–8.
  • McKinnon J, Evidente V, Driver-Dunckley E, Premkumar A, Hentz J, Shill H, Sabbagh M, Caviness J, Connor D, Adler C. Olfaction in the elderly: a cross-sectional analysis comparing Parkinson's disease with controls and other disorders. Int J Neurosci. 2010;120:36–9.
  • Doty RL, Shaman P, Kimmelman CP, Dann MS. University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic. Laryngoscope. 1984;94:176–8.
  • Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G. “Sniffin’ sticks”: olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses. 1997;22:39–52.
  • Muller T, Kuhn W, Buttner T, Przuntek H. Distorted colour discrimination in Parkinson's disease is related to severity of the disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1997;96:293–6.
  • Price MJ, Feldman RG, Adelberg D, Kayne H. Abnormalities in color vision and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1992;42:887–90.
  • Buttner T, Kuhn W, Muller T, Patzold T, Heidbrink K, Przuntek H. Distorted color discrimination in “de novo” parkinsonian patients. Neurology. 1995;45:386–7.
  • Hutton JT, Morris JL, Elias JW, Varma R, Poston JN. Spatial contrast sensitivity is reduced in bilateral Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1991;41:1200–2.
  • Muller T, Kuhn W, Buttner T, Eising E, Coenen H, Haas M, Przuntek H. Colour vision abnormalities do not correlate with dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 1998;245:659–64.
  • Muller T, Woitalla D, Peters S, Kohla K, Przuntek H. Progress of visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;105:256–60.
  • Diederich NJ, Raman R, Leurgans S, Goetz CG. Progressive worsening of spatial and chromatic processing deficits in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1249–52.
  • Muller T, Meisel M, Russ H, Przuntek H. Motor impairment influences Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test error scores in Parkinson's disease patients. J Neurol Sci. 2003;213:61–5.
  • Bulens C, Meerwaldt JD, Van der Wildt GJ, Van Deursen JB. Effect of levodopa treatment on contrast sensitivity in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:365–9.
  • Hutton JT, Morris JL, Elias JW. Levodopa improves spatial contrast sensitivity in Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:721–4.
  • Inzelberg R, Ramirez JA, Nisipeanu P, Ophir A. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in Parkinson disease. Vision Res. 2004;44:2793–7.
  • Altintas O, Iseri P, Ozkan B, Caglar Y. Correlation between retinal morphological and functional findings and clinical severity in Parkinson's disease. Doc Ophthalmol. 2008;116: 137–46.
  • Hajee ME, March WF, Lazzaro DR, Wolintz AH, Shrier EM, Glazman S, Bodis-Wollner IG. Inner retinal layer thinning in Parkinson disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:737–41.
  • Moschos MM, Tagaris G, Markopoulos I, Margetis I, Tsapakis S, Kanakis M, Koutsandrea C. Morphologic changes and functional retinal impairment in patients with Parkinson disease without visual loss. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2011;21(1):24–9.
  • Cubo E, Tedejo RP, Rodriguez Mendez V, Lopez Pena MJ, Trejo Gabriel YGJM. Retina thickness in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2010;25:2461–2.
  • Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, White LR, Masaki KH, Tanner CM, Curb JD, Grandinetti A, Blanchette PL, Popper JS, Ross GW. Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 2001;57:456–62.
  • Savica R, Carlin JM, Grossardt BR, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE, Maraganore DM, Bharucha AE, Rocca WA. Medical records documentation of constipation preceding Parkinson disease: a case-control study. Neurology. 2009;73:1752–8.
  • Kupsky WJ, Grimes MM, Sweeting J, Bertsch R, Cote LJ. Parkinson's disease and megacolon: concentric hyaline inclusions (Lewy bodies) in enteric ganglion cells. Neurology. 1987;37:1253–5.
  • Qualman SJ, Haupt HM, Yang P, Hamilton SR. Esophageal Lewy bodies associated with ganglion cell loss in achalasia. Similarity to Parkinson's disease. Gastroenterology. 1984;87:848–56.
  • Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI, Vedders L, Lue L, White Iii CL, Akiyama H, Caviness JN, Shill HA, Sabbagh MN, Walker DG; Arizona Parkinson's Disease Consortium. Multi-organ distribution of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein histopathology in subjects with Lewy body disorders. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119:689–702.
  • Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24:197–211.
  • Beach TG, Adler CH, Lue L, Sue LI, Bachalakuri J, Henry-Watson J, Sasse J, Boyer S, Shirohi S, Brooks R, Eschbacher J, White CL 3rd, Akiyama H, Caviness J, Shill HA, Connor DJ, Sabbagh MN, Walker DG; Arizona Parkinson's Disease Consortium. Unified staging system for Lewy body disorders: correlation with nigrostriatal degeneration, cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction. Acta Neuropathol. 2009;117:613–34.
  • Yoshita M, Hayashi M, Hirai S. Decreased myocardial accumulation of 123I-meta-iodobenzyl guanidine in Parkinson's disease. Nucl Med Commun. 1998;19:137–42.
  • Takatsu H, Nishida H, Matsuo H, Watanabe S, Nagashima K, Wada H, Noda T, Nishigaki K, Fujiwara H. Cardiac sympathetic denervation from the early stage of Parkinson's disease: clinical and experimental studies with radiolabeled MIBG. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:71–7.
  • Iwasa K, Nakajima K, Yoshikawa H, Tada A, Taki J, Takamori M. Decreased myocardial 123I-MIBG uptake in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 1998;97:303–6.
  • Kashihara K, Imamura T, Shinya T. Cardiac 123I-MIBG uptake is reduced more markedly in patients with REM sleep behavior disorder than in those with early stage Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16:252–5.
  • Fujishiro H, Frigerio R, Burnett M, Klos KJ, Josephs KA, Delledonne A, Parisi JE, Ahlskog JE, Dickson DW. Cardiac sympathetic denervation correlates with clinical and pathologic stages of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1085–92.
  • Bonuccelli U, Lucetti C, Del Dotto P, Ceravolo R, Gambaccini G, Bernardini S, Rossi G, Piaggesi A. Orthostatic hypotension in de novo Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:1400–4.
  • Ferini-Strambi L, Franceschi M, Pinto P, Zucconi M, Smirne S. Respiration and heart rate variability during sleep in untreated Parkinson patients. Gerontology. 1992;38:92–8.
  • Kallio M, Suominen K, Haapaniemi T, Sotaniemi K, Myllyla VV, Astafiev S, Tolonen U. Nocturnal cardiac autonomic regulation in Parkinson's disease. Clin Auton Res. 2004;14:119–24.
  • Mihci E, Kardelen F, Dora B, Balkan S. Orthostatic heart rate variability analysis in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;113:288–93.
  • Abbott RD, Ross GW, White LR, Tanner CM, Masaki KH, Nelson JS, Curb JD, Petrovitch H. Excessive daytime sleepiness and subsequent development of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005;65:1442–6.
  • Uchiyama M, Isse K, Tanaka K, Yokota N, Hamamoto M, Aida S, Incidental Lewy body disease in a patient with REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 1995;45:709–12.
  • Boeve BF, Silber MH, Parisi JE, Dickson DW, Ferman TJ, Benarroch EE, Schmeichel AM, Smith GE, Petersen RC, Ahlskog JE, Matsumoto JY, Knopman DS, Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Synucleinopathy pathology and REM sleep behavior disorder plus dementia or parkinsonism. Neurology. 2003;61:40–5.
  • Claassen DO, Josephs KA, Ahlskog JE, Silber MH, Tippmann-Peikert M, Boeve BF. REM sleep behavior disorder preceding other aspects of synucleinopathies by up to half a century. Neurology. 2010;75:494–9.
  • Comella CL, Nardine TM, Diederich NJ, Stebbins GT. Sleep-related violence, injury, and REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1998;51:526–9.
  • Gagnon J, Bedard M, Fantini ML, Petit D, Panisset M, Rompre S, Carrier J, Montplaisir J. REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 2002;59:585–9.
  • Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2004;17:146–57.
  • Stiasny-Kolster K, Doerr Y, Moller JC, Hoffken H, Behr TM, Oertel WH, Mayer G. Combination of “idiopathic” REM sleep behaviour disorder and olfactory dysfunction as possible indicator for alpha-synucleinopathy demonstrated by dopamine transporter FP-CIT-SPECT. Brain. 2005;128:126–37.
  • Postuma RB, Lang AE, Massicotte-Marquez J, Montplaisir J. Potential early markers of Parkinson disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 2006;66: 845–51.
  • Fantini ML, Postuma RB, Montplaisir J, Ferini-Strambi L. Olfactory deficit in idiopathic rapid eye movements sleep behavior disorder. Brain Res Bull. 2006;70:386–90.
  • Miyamoto T, Miyamoto M, Suzuki K, Nishibayashi M, Iwanami M, Hirata K. 123I-MIBG cardiac scintigraphy provides clues to the underlying neurodegenerative disorder in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2008;31: 717–23.
  • Nomura T, Inoue Y, Hogl B, Uemura Y, Kitayama M, Abe T, Miyoshi H, Nakashima K. Relationship between (123)I-MIBG scintigrams and REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16:683–5.
  • Valappil RA, Black JE, Broderick MJ, Carrillo O, Frenette E, Sullivan SS, Goldman SM, Tanner CM, Langston JW. Exploring the electrocardiogram as a potential tool to screen for premotor Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25:2296–303.
  • Foltynie T, Brayne CE, Robbins TW, Barker RA. The cognitive ability of an incident cohort of Parkinson's patients in the UK. The CamPaIGN study. Brain. 2004;127:550–60.
  • Muslimovic D, Post B, Speelman JD, Schmand B. Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005;65:1239–45.
  • Aarsland D, Bronnick K, Larsen JP, Tysnes OB, Alves G. Cognitive impairment in incident, untreated Parkinson disease: the Norwegian ParkWest study. Neurology. 2009;72:1121–6.
  • Shiba M, Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnell SK, Peterson BJ, Ahlskog JE, Schaid DJ, Rocca WA. Anxiety disorders and depressive disorders preceding Parkinson's disease: a case-control study. Mov Disord. 2000;15:669–77.
  • Leentjens AF, Van den Akker M, Metsemakers JF, Lousberg R, Verhey FR. Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson's disease: a register study. Mov Disord. 2003;18:414–8.
  • Ravina B, Camicioli R, Como PG, Marsh L, Jankovic J, Weintraub D, Elm J. The impact of depressive symptoms in early Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007;69:342–7.
  • Gibb WR, Lees AJ. The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:745–52.
  • Jellinger KA. Lewy body-related alpha-synucleinopathy in the aged human brain. J Neural Transm. 2004;111:1219–35.
  • Saito Y, Ruberu NN, Sawabe M, Arai T, Kazama H, Hosoi T, Yamanouchi H, Murayama S. Lewy body-related alpha-synucleinopathy in aging. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2004;63:742–9.
  • Adler CH, Connor DJ, Hentz JG, Sabbagh MN, Caviness JN, Shill HA, Noble B, Beach TG. Incidental Lewy body disease: clinical comparison to a control cohort. Mov Disord. 2010;25:642–6.
  • Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI, Peirce JB, Bachalakuri J, Dalsing-Hernandez JE, Lue LF, Caviness JN, Connor DJ, Sabbagh MN, Walker DG. Reduced striatal tyrosine hydroxylase in incidental Lewy body disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;115:445–51.
  • Dickson DW, Fujishiro H, DelleDonne A, Menke J, Ahmed Z, Klos KJ, Josephs KA, Frigerio R, Burnett M, Parisi JE, Ahlskog JE. Evidence that incidental Lewy body disease is pre-symptomatic Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;115:437–44.
  • DelleDonne A, Klos KJ, Fujishiro H, Ahmed Z, Parisi JE, Josephs KA, Frigerio R, Burnett M, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ, Ahlskog JE, Dickson DW. Incidental Lewy body disease and preclinical Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:1074–80.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.