Individual Variations in the Sleep of Depression

References

• Åkerstedt T., Gillberg M. Experimentally displaced sleep: Effects on sleepiness. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1982; 54: 220–226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akiskal H. S., Lemmi H., Yenevanean B., King D., Belluomini J. The utility of the REM latency test in psychiatric diagnosis; a study of 81 depressed outpatients. Psychiatry Research 1982; 7: 101–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck A. T., Ward C. H., Mendelson M., Mock J., Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1961; 4: 561–571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C. Sleep, depression and antidepressants. British Journal of Psychiatry 1979; 135: 385–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp A. H., Stonehill E. Nutritional and mood disturbances in disorders of sleep. Sleep, nutrition and mood, A. H. Crisp, E. Stonehill. John Wiley, London 1976
   Google Scholar
• Czeisler C. A., Weitzman E. D., Moore-Ede M. C., Zimmerman J. C., Knauer R. S. Human sleep: Its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase. Science 1980; 210: 1264–1267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler C. A., Richardson C. S., Coleman R. M., Zimmerman J. C., Moore-Ede M. C., Dement W. C., Weitzman E. D. Chronotherapy: Resetting the circadian clocks of patients with delayed sleep phase insomnia. Sleep 1981; 4: 1–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan W. C., Pettigrew K. D., Gillin J. C. REM architecture changes in bipolar and unipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 1979; 136: 1424–1427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunleavy D. L. F., Oswald I., Brown P., Strong A. Hyperthyroidism, sleep and growth hormone. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1974; 36: 259–263
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feinberg I. Functional implications of changes in sleep physiology with age. Neurobiology of aging, R. D. Terry, S. Gershon. Raven Press, New York 1976
   Google Scholar
• Feinberg M., Gillin J. C., Carroll B. J., Greden J. F., Ahtenasios P. Z., Zis A. P. EEG studies of sleep in the diagnosis of depression. Biological Psychiatry 1982; 17: 305–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink M., Foster F. G., Kupfer D. J., Spiker D. G. EEG-sleep diagnosis of medical disease in depression. Neuropsychobiology 1977; 3: 108–118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster F. G., Kupfer D. J., Coble P., McPartland R. J. Rapid eye movement sleep density: An objective indicator in severe medical-depressive syndromes. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976; 33: 1119–1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillberg M., Åkerstedt T. Body temperature and sleep at different times of day. Sleep 1982; 5: 378–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillin J. C., Duncan W., Pettigrew K. D., Frankel B. L., Snyder F. Successful separation of depressed, normal and insomniac subjects by EEG sleep data. American Journal of Psychiatry 1979; 36: 85–90
   Google Scholar
• Gillin J. C., Duncan W. C., Murphy D. L., Post R. M., Wehr T. A., Goodwin F. K., Wyatt R. J., Bunney W. E. Age-related changes in sleep in depressed and normal subjects. Psychiatry Research 1981; 4: 73–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton M. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 1967; 6: 278–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann E., Verdone P., Snyder F. Longitudinal studies of sleep and dreaming patterns in psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1966; 142: 117–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann E. Longitudinal studies of sleep and dreaming patterns in manic-depressive patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1968; 19: 312–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauri P., Hawkins D. R. Alpha-delta sleep. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1973; 34: 233–237, (a)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hauri P., Hawkins D. R. Individual differences in the sleep of depression. The nature of sleep, U. J. Jovanovic. Fischer, StuttgartW. Germany 1973, (b)
   Google Scholar
• Hauri P. Sleep in depression. Psychiatric Annals 1974; 1: 45–61
   Google Scholar
• Hauri P., Chernik D., Hawkins D., Mendels J. Sleep of depressed patients in remission. Archives of General Psychiatry 1974; 31: 386–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauri P. Dreams in patients remitted from reactive depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1976; 85: 1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins D. R., Taub J. M., Van de Castle R. L., Teja J. S., Greyson B., Garland F., Talley J. E. Sleep stage patterns associated with depression in young adult patients. Proceedings of the Third European Congress for Sleep Research, W. P. Koella, P. Levin. Kargen, MontpellierFrance, Basel, Switzerland 1977
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins D. R. Sleep and depression. Psychiatric Annals 1979; 9: 391–401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karacan I., Williams R. L., Littlell R. G., Salis, Insomniacs P. J. Unpredictable And Idiosyncratic Sleepers. Sleep: Physiology, biochemistry, psychology, pharmacology, clinical implications, W. P. Koella, P. Levin. A. G. Kargen, BaselSwitzerland 1973
   Google Scholar
• Karacan I., Blackburn A. B., Thornby J. I., Okawa M., Salis P. J., Williams R. L. The effect of doxepin HCL (Sinequan) on sleep patterns and clinical symptomatology of neurotic depressed patients with sleep disturbance. Sinequan (Doxepin HCL): A monograph of recent clinical studies, J. Mendels. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1975
   Google Scholar
• Karacan I., Williams R. L., Salis P. Sleep and sleep abnormalities in depression. Phenomenology and treatment of depression, W. E. Fann. Spectrum, New York 1977
   Google Scholar
• Karacan I., Bertelson A. D. Sleep EEG in depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1980; 41: 40–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kripke D. F. Phase advance theories for affective illnesses. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry, F. K. Goodwin, T. Wehr. Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove, California 1983
   Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Foster F. G. Interval between onset of sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep as an indicator of depression. Lancet 1972; 2: 684–686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Himmelhoch J. M., Swartzburg M., Anderson C., Byck R., Detre T. P. Hypersomnia in manic-depressive disease. Diseases of the Nervous System 1972; 33: 720–724
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Foster F. G., Detre T. P. Sleep continuity disturbances in depression. Diseases of the Nervous System 1973; 34: 192–195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Weiss B. L., Foster R. G., Detre T. P., Delgado J., McPartland R. Psychomotor activity in affective states. Archives of General Psychiatry 1974; 30: 765–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Foster F. G. The sleep of psychotic patients: Does it all look alike. Biology of the major psychoses (Proceedings of Association for Research and Mental Disease), D. X. Freedman. Raven, New York 1975; Vol. 54
   Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J. REM latency: A psychobiologic marker for primary depressive disease. Biological Psychiatry 1976; 11: 159–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Foster F. G. EEG sleep and depression. Sleep disorders, diagnosis and treatment, R. L. Williams, I. Karacan. Wiley, New York 1978
   Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Spiker D. G., Coble P. A., Shaw D. H. Electroencephalographic sleep recordings and depression in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1978; 26: 53–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Foster F. G., Coble P., McPartland R. J., Weiss B. The application of EEG sleep for the differential diagnosis of affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 1978; 135: 69–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Gillin C. J., Coble P. A., Spiker D. G., Shaw D., Holzer B. REM sleep, naps and depression. Psychiatry Research 1981; 5: 195–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Spiker D. G., Coble P. A., Neil J. F., Ulrich R., Shaw D. H. Sleep and treatment prediction in endogenous depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 1981; 138: 429–434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Targ E., Stack J. Electroencephalographic sleep in unipolar subtypes: Support for a biological and familial classification. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1982; 170: 494–498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Shaw D. H., Ulrich R., Coble P. A., Spiker D. G. Application of automated REM analysis in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 39: 569–573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer D. J., Spiker D. G., Rossi A., Coble P. A., Shaw D., Ulrich R. Nortriptyline and EEG sleep in depressed patients. Biological Psychiatry 1982; 17: 535–546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange H., Burr W., Von Aswege J. Sleep-stage shifts in depressive illness. Biological Psychiatry 1976; 11: 239–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubin B. Adjective checklists for measurement of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1965; 12: 57–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarley R. W. REM sleep and depression: Common neurobiological control mechanisms. American Journal of Psychiatry 1982; 139: 565–570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendels J., Hawkins D. R. Sleep and depression: Further considerations. Archives of General Psychiatry 1968; 19: 445–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendels J., Chernik D. A. Sleep changes and affective illness. The nature and treatment of depression, F. F. Flack, S. C. Draghi. Wiley, New York 1975
   Google Scholar
• Pugnetti L., Colombo A., Cazzullo C. L., Leccardi G., Sicuro F., Scarone S. Daytime sleep patterns of primary depressives: A morning nap study. Psychiatry Research 1982; 7: 287–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puig-Antich J., Goetz R., Hanlon C., Davies M., Thompson J., Chambers W. J., Trabizzi A., Weitzman E. D. Sleep architecture and REM sleep measures in prepubertal children with major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 39: 932–939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring systems for sleep stages of human subjects, A. Rechtschaffen, A. Kales. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1968
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds C. F., Coble P. A., Kupfer D. J., Holzer B. C. Application of the multiple sleep latency test in disorders of excessive sleepiness. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1982; 53: 443–452
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reynolds C. F., Shaw D. H., Newton T. F., Coble P. A., Kupfer D. J. EEG sleep in outpatients with generalized anxiety: A comparison with depressed outpatients. Psychiatry Research 1983; 8: 81–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roffwarg H. P. Diagnostic classification of sleep and arousal disorders. Sleep 1979; 2: 1–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz H., Lund R., Cording C., Dirlich G. Bimodal distribution of REM sleep latencies in depression. Biological Psychiatry 1979; 14: 595–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour G. E. The structure and predictive ability of the Cornell Medical Index for a normal sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1976; 20: 469–478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu A., Hiyama H., Yagasaki A., Takashashi H., Fujiki A., Yoshida I. Sleep of depressed patients with hypersomnia: A 24-hr polygraphic study. Waking and Sleeping 1979; 3: 335–339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegel S. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. McGraw-Hill, New York, Toronto, London 1956
   Google Scholar
• Sitaram N., Gillin J. C., Bunney W. E. The switch process in manic-depressive illness. Acta Psychiatric Scandanavica 1978; 58: 267–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder F. Electrographic studies of sleep in depression. Computers and electronic devices in psychiatry, N. S. Kline, E. Laska. Grune & Stratton, New York 1968
   Google Scholar
• Snyder F. Dynamic aspects of sleep disturbances in relation to mental illness. Biological Psychiatry 1969; 1: 119–130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spitzer R. L., Endicott J., Robins E. Research diagnostic criteria: Rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978; 35: 773–782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stonehill B., Crisp A. H., Koval J. The relationship of reported sleep characteristics to psychiatric diagnosis and mood. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1976; 49: 381–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taub J. M., Berger R. J. Sleep stage patterns associated with acute shifts in the sleep-wakefulness cycle. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1973; 35: 613–619
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taub J. M., Berger R. J. The effects of changing the phase and duration of sleep. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1976; 2: 30–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taub J. M., Hawkins D. R., Van de Castle R. L. Electrographic analysis of the sleep cycle in young depressed patients. Biological Psychology 1978; 7: 203–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taub J. M. Nocturnal electrographic features of frequently changing irregular sleep-wakefulness rhythms. International Journal of Neuroscience 1981; 14: 227–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taub J. M., Hawkins D. R., Van de Castle R. L. Sleep pattern variations as a function of age in affective disorders. International Journal of Neuroscience 1982; 17: 219–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taub J. M. Individual variations in awakening times, daytime alertness and somnograms as a function of ad-lib extended sleep. International Journal of Neuroscience 1983; 21: 237–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich R. F., Shaw D. H., Kupfer D. J. Effects of aging on EEG-sleep in depression. Sleep 1980; 3: 31–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel G. W., Vogel F., McAbee R. S., Thurmond A. J. Improvement of depression by REM sleep deprivation. Archives of General Psychiatry 1980; 37: 247–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel G. W. The relationship between endogenous depression and REM sleep. Psychiatric Annals 1981; 11: 21–26
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehr T. A., Muscettola G., Goodwin F. K. Urinary MHPG circadian rhythm: Early timing (phase advance) in manic-depressives compared with normal subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry 1980; 37: 257–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehr T. A., Wirz-Justice A., Goodwin F. K., Duncan W., Gillin J. C. Phase advance of the circadian sleep-wake cycle as an anti-depressant. Science 1979; 206: 710–713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehr T. A., Wirz-Justice A. Internal coincidence model for sleep deprivation and depression. Sleep 1980, W. P. Koella. Karger, Basel 1981
   Google Scholar
• Weitzman E. D., Kripke D. F., Goldmacher P., Nogeire G. Acute reversal of the sleep-waking cycle in man: Effect on sleep stage patterns. Archives of Neurology 1970; 22: 483–489
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams H. L. Sleep and the affective disorders. Biological Psychology Bulletin 1975; 4: 105–111
   Google Scholar
• Zung W. W. K. A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry 1965; 12: 63–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar