How do laboratory specialists advise clinicians concerning the use and interpretation of renal tests?

References

• Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004;351: 1296–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanholder R, Massy Z, Argiles A, Spasovski G, Verbeke F, Lameire N. Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20:1048–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallan S, Astor B, Lydersen S. Estimating glomerular filtration rate in the general population: the second Health Survey of Nord-Trondelag (HUNT II). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:1525–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Israni RK, Shea JA, Joffe MM, Feldman HI. Physician characteristics and knowledge of CKD management. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;54:238–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ansell D, Castledine C, Feehally J, Fogarty D, Ford D, Inward C, Tomson C, Warwick G, Webb L, Williams A. UK Renal Register, The Renal Association, The Twelfth Annual Report. http://www.renalreg.com/Reports/2009.html
   Google Scholar
• Innes A, Rowe PA, Burden RP, Morgan AG. Early deaths on renal replacement therapy: the need for early nephrological referral. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7:467–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John R, Webb M, Young A, Stevens PE. Unreferred chronic kidney disease: a longitudinal study. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:825–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Type 2 Diabetes. National clinical guideline for management in primary and secondary care. Royal College of physicians 2004.
   Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Chronic kidney disease: national guideline for early identification and management in adults in primary and secondary care. Royal College of Physicians, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2009 Diabetes Care 2009;32:S13–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network. Diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease. Accessed May 2009 from: http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign103.pdf
   Google Scholar
• The Renal Association. Chronic kidney disease. Accessed May 2009 from: http://www.renal.org/pages/pages/guidelines/current/ckd.php
   Google Scholar
• KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Part 5. Evaluation of laboratory measurements for clinical assessment of kidney disease. Guideline 4. Estimation of GFR. Accessed May 2010 from: http://www.kidney.org/Professionals/Kdoqi/guidelines_ckd/p5_lab_g4.htm
   Google Scholar
• KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Part 4. Definition and classification of stages of chronic kidney disease. Guideline 1. Definition and stages of chronic kidney disease. Accessed May 2010 from: http://www.kidney.org/Professionals/Kdoqi/guidelines_ckd/p4_class_g1.htm
   Google Scholar
• KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Part 5. Evaluation of laboratory measurements for clinical assessment of kidney disease. Guideline 5. Assessment of proteinuria. Accessed May 2010 from: http://www.kidney.org/Professionals/Kdoqi/guidelines_ckd/p5_lab_g5.htm
   Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Atkins R, Coresh J, Cohen EP, Collins AJ, Eckardt KU, Nahas ME, Jaber BL, Jadoul M, Levin A, Powe NR, Rossert J, Wheeler DC, Lameire N, Eknoyan G. Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: approaches and initiatives – a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Kidney Int 2007; 72:247–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aakre KM, Thue G, Subramaniam-Haavik S, Bukve T, Morris H, Muller M, Lovrencic, MV, Plum, I, Kallion, K, Aab, A, Kutt, M, Gillery, P, Schneider, N, Horvath, AR, Onody, R, Oosterhuis, W, Ricos, C, Perich, C, Nordin, G, Sandberg, S. Postanalytical external quality assessment of urine albumin in primary health care: an international survey. Clin Chem 2008;54:1630–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aakre KM, Thue G, Subramaniam-Haavik S, Cooper J, Bukve T, Morris HA, Lovrencic MV, Plum I, Kallion K, Aab A, Kutt M, Gillery P, Schneider N, Horvath AR, Onody R, Oosterhuis W, Ricos C, Perich C, Nordin G, Sandberg S. Diagnosing microalbuminuria and consequences for the drug treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes: a European survey in primary care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 89:103–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aakre KM, Thue G, Svarstad E, Skadberg O, Sandberg S. Laboratory investigation and follow-up of chronic kidney disease stage 3 in primary care. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1138–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hemmelgarn BR, Zhang J, Manns BJ, James MT, Quinn RR, Ravani P, Klarenbach SW, Culleton BF, Krause R, Thorlacius L, Jain AK, Tonelli M. Nephrology visits and health care resource use before and after reporting estimated glomerular filtration rate. JAMA 2010;303:1151–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plebani M. Interpretative commenting: a tool for improving the laboratory-clinical interface. Clin Chim Acta 2009;404:46–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laposata ME, Laposata M, Van Cott EM, Buchner DS, Kashalo MS, Dighe AS. Physician survey of a laboratory medicine interpretive service and evaluation of the influence of interpretations on laboratory test ordering. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004;128:1424–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim EM, Sikaris KA, Gill J, Calleja J, Hickman PE, Beilby J, Vasikaran SD. Quality assessment of interpretative commenting in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem 2004; 50:632–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciacovelli L, Zardo L, Secchiero S, Zaninotto M, Plebani M. Interpretative comments and reference ranges in EQA programs as a tool for improving laboratory appropriateness and effectiveness. Clin Chim Acta 2003;333:209–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasikaran SD, Penberthy L, Gill J, Scott S, Sikaris KA. Review of a pilot quality-assessment program for interpretative comments. Ann Clin Biochem 2002;39:250–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vasikaran SD, Lai LC, Sethi S, Lopez JB, Sikaris KA. Quality of interpretative commenting on common clinical chemistry results in the Asia-Pacific region and Africa. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:963–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser CG, Harris EK. Generation and application of data on biological variation in clinical chemistry. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1989;27:409–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzel WG. Intra-individual variation of some analytes in serum of patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Chem 1987;33:670–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, Marsh J, Stevens LA, Kusek JW, Van Lente F. Expressing the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate with standardized serum creatinine values. Clin Chem 2007;53:766–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller WG, Bruns DE, Hortin GL, Sandberg S, Aakre KM, McQueen MJ, Itoh Y, Lieske JC, Seccombe DW, Jones G, Bunk DM, Curhan GC, Narva AS. Current issues in measurement and reporting of urinary albumin excretion. Clin Chem 2009;55:24–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey JN, Hood K, Platts JK, Devarajoo S, Meadows PA. Prediction of albumin excretion rate from albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1597–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen DL, Close CF, Viberti GC. The variability of overnight urinary albumin excretion in insulin-dependent diabetic and normal subjects. Diabet Med 1987;4:437–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermes I, Spooren PF. Influence of biological variations and sample handling on measured microalbuminuria in diabetic patients. J Clin Lab Anal 1992;6:368–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Part 7. Stratification of risk for progression of kidney disease and development of cardiovascular disease. Guideline 13. Factors associated with loss of kidney function in chronic kidney disease. Accessed May 2010 from: http://www.kidney.org/Professionals/Kdoqi/guidelines_ckd/p7_risk_g13.htm
   Google Scholar
• Stevens LA, Coresh J, Feldman HI, Greene T, Lash JP, Nelson RG, Rahman M, Deysher AE, Zhang YL, Schmid CH, Levey AS. Evaluation of the modification of diet in renal disease study equation in a large diverse population. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18:2749–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbesma N, Kuiken DS, Brantsma AH, Bakker SJ, Wetzels JF, De Zeeuw D, De Jong PE, Gansevoort RT. Macroalbuminuria is a better risk marker than low estimated GFR to identify individuals at risk for accelerated GFR loss in population screening. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:2582–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallan SI, Ritz E, Lydersen S, Romundstad S, Kvenild K, Orth SR. Combining GFR and albuminuria to classify CKD improves prediction of ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20: 1069–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Velde M, Halbesma N, de Charro FT, Bakker SJ, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE, Gansevoort RT. Screening for albuminuria identifies individuals at increased renal risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:852–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia). Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1997;349:1857–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Landa M, Giatras I, Toto R, Remuzzi G, Maschio G, Brenner BM, Kamper A, Zucchelli P, Becker G, Himmelmann A, Bannister K, Landais P, Shahinfar S, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D, Lau J, Levey AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:73–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strippoli GF, Bonifati C, Craig M, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists for preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD006257.
   Google Scholar
• Burkhardt H, Hahn T, Gretz N, Gladisch R. Bedside estimation of the glomerular filtration rate in hospitalized elderly patients. Nephron Clin Pract 2005;101:c1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb EJ, Webb MC, Simpson DE, Coakley AJ, Newman DJ, O'Riordan SE. Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in older patients with chronic renal insufficiency: is the modification of diet in renal disease formula an improvement? J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:1012–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuck O, Teplan V, Mareckova O, Skibova J, Stollova M. Estimation of glomerular filtration rate based on the modification of diet in renal disease equation in patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Blood Press Res 2005;28: 63–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burtis C, Ashwood E. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry, 3ed edition. United States of America, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Laterza OF, Price CP, Scott MG. Cystatin C: an improved estimator of glomerular filtration rate? Clin Chem 2002;48: 699–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricos C, Alvarez V, Cava F, Garcia-Lario JV, Hernandez A, Jimenez CV, Minchinela J, Perich C, Simon, M. Current databases on biological variation: pros, cons and progress. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1999;59:491–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrisos S, Eccles MP, Francis JJ, Dickinson HO, Kaner EF, Beyer F, Johnston M. Are there valid proxy measures of clinical behaviour? A systematic review. Implement Sci 2009;4:37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood R, Sood A, Ghosh AK. Non-evidence-based variables affecting physicians’ test-ordering tendencies: a systematic review. Neth J Med 2007;65:167–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challand GS, Vasikaran SD. The assessment of interpretation in clinical biochemistry: a personal view. Ann Clin Biochem 2007;44:101–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li P, Challand GS. Experience with assessing the quality of comments on clinical biochemistry reports. Ann Clin Biochem 1999;36:759–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar