Has folate a role in the developing nervous system after birth and not just during embryogenesis and gestation?

References

• Czeizel AE, Dudas I. Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1832–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeizel AE. Prevention of congenital abnormalities by periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. BMJ 1993;306: 1645–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeizel AE. Reduction of urinary tract and cardiovascular defects by periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. Am J Med Genet 1996;62:179–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson JD, Li S, Moore CA, Wang H, Mulinare J, Zhao P, Wong LY, Gindler J, Hong SX, Correa A. Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China. China-U.S. Collaborative Project for Neural Tube Defect Prevention. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1485–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeizel AE. Periconceptional folic acid and multivitamin supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects and other congenital abnormalities. Birth Defects Res Part A 2009;85:260–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ionescu-Ittu R, Marelli AJ, Mackie AS, Pilote L. Prevalence of severe congenital heart disease after folic acid fortification of grain products: time trend analysis in Quebec, Canada. BMJ 2009;338:b1673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaudin AE, Stover PJ. Insights into metabolic mechanisms underlying folate-responsive neural tube defects: a minireview. Birth Defects Res (Part A) 2009;85:274–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Beynum IM, Kapusta L, Bakker MK, den Heijer M, Blom HJ, de Walle HEK. Protective effect of periconceptional folic acid supplements on the risk of congenital heart defects: a registry-based case-control study in the northern Netherlands. Eur Heart J 2010;31:464–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MRC Vitamin Research Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. Lancet 1991;338:131–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laurence KM, James N, Miller MH, Tenant GB, Campbell H. Doubleblind randomized controlled trial of folate treatment before conception to prevent recurrence of neural tube defects. BMJ 1981;282:1509–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergel MC, Sanchez LR, Heredero BL, Rodriguez PI, Martinez AJ. Primary prevention of neural tube defects with folic acid supplementation: Cuban experience. Prenat Diagn 1990;10:149–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirke PN, Daly LE, Elwood JH. A randomized trial of low-dose folic acid to prevent neural tube defects. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:1442–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitkin RM. Folate and neural tube defects. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:285–8S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Various. A Festschrift in honor of professor R W Smithells. Birth Defects Res (Part A) 2009;85:251–339.
   Google Scholar
• Michie CA. Neural tube defects in 18th century. Lancet 1991;337:504.
   Google Scholar
• Schuitemaker GE. Folate and neural tube defect risk: paradigm shift after forty years of research. J Orthomolec Med 1998;13:52–6.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson MM, Asling CW, Evans EH. Production of multiple congenital abnormalities in young by maternal pteroylglutamic acid deficiency during gestation J Nutr 1952;48:61–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer HJ. Congenital anomalies due to attempted abortion with 4-aminopteroglutamic acid. JAMA 1956; 161:1253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbard BM, Hibbard ED. Aetiological factors in abruptio placentae. BMJ 1963;2:1430–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hibbard ED, Smithells RW. Folic acid metabolism and human embryopathy. Lancet 1965;285:1254.
   Google Scholar
• Hibbard BM, Hibbard ED, Jeffcoate TNA. Folic acid and reproduction. Acta Obstet Gynaec Scand 1965;44:375–460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbard BM, Hibbard ED. Recurrence of defective folate metabolism in successive pregnancies. J Obstet Gynaec Brit Cwlth 1966;73:428–30.
   Google Scholar
• Smithells RW, Sheppard S, Schorah CJ. Vitamin deficiencies and neural tube defects. Arch Dis Child 1976;51: 944–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smithells RW, Sheppard S, Schorah CJ, Seller MJ, Nevin NC, Harris R, Read AP, Fielding DW. Possible prevention of neural tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. Lancet 1980;315:339–40.
   Google Scholar
• Smithells RW, Sheppard S, Schorah CJ, Seller MJ, Nevin NC, Harris R, Read AP, Fielding DW. Apparent prevention of neural tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. Arch Dis Childhood 1981;56:911–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smithells RW, Sheppard S, Wild J, Schorah CJ. Prevention of neural tube defect recurrences in Yorkshire: final report. Lancet 1989;334:498–9.
   Google Scholar
• Mulinare J, Cordero JF, Erikson JD, Berry RJ. Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence of neural tube defects. JAMA 1988;260:3141–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen C, Stanley FJ. Dietary folate as a risk factor for neural-tube defects: evidence from a case control study in Western Australia. Med J Aust 1989;150:613–9.
   Google Scholar
• Milunsky A, Jick H, Jick S, Bruell CL, MacLaughlin DS, Rothman KJ, Willett W. SO. Multivitamin/folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects. JAMA 1989;262:2847–52.
   Google Scholar
• Mills JL, Rhoads GG, Simpson JL, Cunningham GC, Conley MR, Lassman MR, Walden ME, Depp OR, Hoffman HJ. The absence of a relation between the periconceptional use of vitamins and neural-tube defects. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neural Tube Defects Study Group. N Engl J Med 1989;321: 430–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumley J, Watson L, Watson M, Bower C: Periconceptional supplementation with folate and/or multivitamins for preventing neural tube defects. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;CD001056.
   Google Scholar
• Greene NDE, Massa V, Copp AJ. Understanding the causes and prevention of neural tube defects: insights from the Splotch mouse model. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2009;85:322–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frosst P, Blom HJ, Milos R, Goyette P, Sheppard CA, Matthews RG, Boers GJ, den Heijer M, Kluijtmans LA, van den Heuvel LP. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet 1995;10:111–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudd SH, Uhlendorf BW, Freeman JM, Finkelstein JD, Shih VE. Homocystinuria associated with decreased methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972;46:905–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blom HJ. Determinants of plasma homocysteine. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:188–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lievers KJ, Boers GH, Verhoef P, den Heijer M, Kluijtmans LA, van der Put NM, Trijbels FJ, Blom HJ. A second common variant in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and its relationship to MTHFR enzyme activity, homocysteine, and cardiovascular disease risk. J Mol Med 2001;79:522–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsbottom D, Scott JM, Molloy A, Weir DG, Kirke PN, Mills JL, Gallagher PM, Whitehead AS. Are common mutations of cystathionine beta-synthase involved in the aetiology of neural tube defects? Clin Genet 1997;51: 39–42.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson A, Platt R, Wu Q, Leclerc D, Christensen B, Yang H, Gravel RA, Rozen R. A common variant in methionine synthase reductase combined with low cobalamin (vitamin B12) increases risk for spina bifida. Mol Genet Metab 1999;67:317–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalter H. Folic acid and human malformations: a summary and evaluation. Reprod Toxicol 2000;14:463–76.
   Google Scholar
• Zetterberg H, Zafiropoulos A, Spandidos DA, Rymo L, Blennow K. Gene-gene interaction between fetal MTHFR 677C > T and transcobalamin 776C > G polymorphisms in human spontaneous abortion. Hum Reprod 2003;18: 1948–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zetterberg H. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and transcobalamin genetic polymorphisms in human spontaneous abortion: biological and clinical implications. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004;2:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Laanpere M, Altmäe S, Stavreus-Evers A, Nilsson TK, Yngve A, Salumets A. Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism and its effect on female fertility and pregnancy viability. Nutr Rev 2010;68:99–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piedrahita JA, Oetama B, Bennett GD, van Waes J, Kamen BA, Richardson J, Lacey SW, Anderson RG, Finnell RH. Mice lacking the folic acid-binding protein Folbp1 are defective in early embryonic development. Nat Genet 1999;23:228–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson TK, Yngve A, Böttiger AK, Hurtig-Wennlöf A, Sjöström M. High dietary folate intake is related to better academic achievement in 15-year-old Swedish adolescents. Pediatrics 2011;128:e358–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaekers VT, Sequeira JM, Blau N, Quadros EV. A milk-free diet downregulates folate receptor autoimmunity in cerebral folate deficiency syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 2008;50: 346–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller ER, Juraschek S, Pastor-Barriuso R, Bazzano LA, Appel LJ, Guallar E. Meta-analysis of folic acid supplementation trials on risk of cardiovascular disease and risk interaction with baseline homocysteine levels. Am J Cardiol 2010;106:517–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes MV, Holmes MV, Newcombe P, Hubacek JA, Sofat R, Ricketts SL, . Effect modification by population dietary folate on the association between MTHFR genotype, homocysteine, and stroke risk: a meta-analysis of genetic studies and randomised trials. Lancet 2011;378:584–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultdin J, Van Guelpen B, Winkvist A, Hallmans G, Weinehall L, Stegmayr B, Nilsson TK. Prospective study of first stroke in relation to plasma homocysteine and MTHFR 677C > T and 1298A > C genotypes and haplotypes – evidence for an association with hemorrhagic stroke. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49:1555–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Guelpen B, Hultdin J, Johansson I, Stegmayr B, Hallmans G, Nilsson TK, Weinehall L, Witthöft C, Palmqvist R, Winkvist A. Folate, vitamin B12, and risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: a prospective, nested case-referent study of plasma concentrations and dietary intake. Stroke 2005;36:1426–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloway M, Rushworth L. Red cell or serum folate? Results from the National Pathology Alliance benchmarking review. J Clin Pathol 2003;56:924–6.
   Google Scholar
• Refsum H, Smith AD, Ueland PM, Nexo E, Clarke R, McPartlin J, Johnston C, Engbaek F, Schneede J, McPartlin C, Scott JM. Facts and recommendations about total homocysteine determinations: an expert opinion. Clin Chem 2004;50:3–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yetley EA. Monitoring folate status in population-based surveys. BioFactors 2011;37:285–9.
   Google Scholar
• Schedvin G, Jones I, Hultdin J, Nilsson TH. A laboratory algorithm with homocysteine as the primary parameter reduces the cost of investigation of folate and cobalamin deficiency. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005;43:1065–8.
   Google Scholar
• Crasinescu CN, Brown EC, Mar MH, Albright CD, Nadeau MR, Zeisel SH. Folic acid deficiency during late gestation decreases progenitor cell proliferation and increases apoptosis in fetal mouse brain. J Nutr 2004;134: 162–6.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes-Siedle M, Dennis J, Lindenbaum RH, Galliard A. Long term effects of periconceptional multivitamin supplements for prevention of neural tube defects: a seven to 10 year follow up. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:1436–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeizel AE, Dobó M. Postnatal somatic and mental development after periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. Arch Dis Child 1994;70:229–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobó M, Czeizel AE. Long-term somatic and mental development of children after periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. Eur J Pediatr 1998;157:719–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veena SR, Krishnaveni GV, Srinivasan K, Wills AK, Muthayya S, Kurpad AV, Yajnik CS, Fall CH. Higher maternal plasma folate but not vitamin B12 concentrations during pregnancy are associated with better cognitive function scores in 9- to 10-year-old children in South India. J Nutr 2010;140:1014–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Río Garcia C, Torres-Sánchez L, Chen J, Schnaas L, Hernández C, Osorio E, Portillo MG, López-Carrillo L. Maternal MTHFR 677C.T genotype and dietary intake of folate and vitamin B(12): their impact on child neurodevelopment. Nutr Neurosci 2009;12:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhate V, Deshpande S, Bhat D, Joshi N, Ladkat R, Watve S, Fall C, de Jager CA, Refsum H, Yainik C. Vitamin B12 status of pregnant Indian women and cognitive function in their 9-year-old children. Food Nutr Bull 2008;29:249–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann W, Obeid R, Schorr H, Geisel, J. Functional vitamin B12 deficiency and determination of holotranscobalamin in populations at risk. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:1478–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann W, Obeid R, Schorr H, Hübner U, Geisel J, Sand-Hill M, Ali N, Herrmann M. Enhanced bone metabolism in vegetarians: the role of vitamin B12 deficiency. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:1381–7.
   Google Scholar
• Masalha R, Afawi Z, Mahajnah M, Mashal A, Hallak M, Alsaied I, Bolotin A, Ifergan G, Wirguin I. The impact of nutritional vitamin B12, folate and hemoglobin deficiency on school performance of elementary school children. J Pediatr Neurol 2008;6:243–8.
   Google Scholar
• Louwman MWJ, van Dusseldorp M, van de Vijver FJ, Thomas CM, Schneede J, Ueland PM, Refsum H, van Staveren WA. Signs of impaired cognitive function in adolescents with marginal cobalamin status. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:762–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen S, Kanani SJ. Impact of iron-folic acid supplementation on cognitive abilities of school girls in Vadodara. Ind Pediatr 2009;46:137–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson K, Gustafsson L, Hultberg B. The plasma homocysteine concentration is better than that of serum methylmalonic acid as a marker for sociopsychological performance in a psychogeriatric population. Clin Chem 2000;46:5691–6.
   Google Scholar
• Iskandar BJ, Nelson A, Resnick D, Skene JH, Gao P, Johnson C, Cook TD, Hariharan N. Folic acid supplementation enhances repair of the adult central nervous system. Ann Neurol 2004;56:221–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iskandar BJ, Rizk E, Meier B, Hariharan N, Bottiglieri T, Finnell RH, Jarrard DF, Banerjee RV, Skene JH, Nelson A, Patel N, Gherasim C, Simon K, Cook TD, Hogan KJ. Folate regulation of axonal regeneration in the rodent central nervous system through DNA methylation. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1603–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AD, Smith SM, de Jager CA, Whitbread P, Johnston C, Agacinski G, Oulhaj A, Bradley KM, Jacoby R, Refsum H. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2010;5: e12244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jager CA, Oulhaj A, Jacoby R, Refsum H, Smith AD. Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011 Jul 21. doi: 10.1002/gps.2758 in press.
   Google Scholar
• De Laet C, Wautrecht JC, Brasseur D, Dramaix M, Boeynaems JM, Decuyper J, Kahn A. Plasma homocysteine concentrations in a Belgian school-age population. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:968–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papandreou D, Mavromichalis I, Makedou A, Rousso I, Arvanitidou M. Total serum homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in a Greek school age population. Clin Nutr 2006;25:797–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicklas TA, O'Neil CE, Berenson GS. Nutrient contribution of breakfast, secular trends, and the role of ready-to-eat cereals: a review of data from the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:757–63S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar