Comparison of atorvastatin, pitavastatin and rosuvastatin for residual cardiovascular risk using non-fasting blood sampling

References

• Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Collins R, Keech A, Simes J, Peto R, Armitage J, Baigent C;Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2008;371:117–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith C, Bhala N, Peto R, Barnes EH, Keech A, Simes J, Collins R;Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010;376:1670–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barter P, Gotto AM, LaRosa JC, Maroni J, Szarek M, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, Fruchart JC. Treating to New Targets Investigators. HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1301–10.
   Google Scholar
• Arsenault BJ, Rana JS, Stroes ES, Després JP, Shah PK, Kastelein JJ, Wareham NJ, Boekholdt SM, Khaw KT. Beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: respective contributions of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio to coronary heart disease risk in apparently healthy men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;55:35–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boekholdt SM, Arsenault BJ, Mora S, Pedersen TR, LaRosa JC, Nestel PJ, Simes RJ, Durrington P, Hitman GA, Welch KM, DeMicco DA, Zwinderman AH, Clearfield MB, Downs JR, Tonkin AM, Colhoun HM, Gotto AM Jr, Ridker PM, Kastelein JJ. Association of LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels with risk of cardiovascular events among patients treated with statins: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2012;307:1302–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low- density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989;320:915–24.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner CD, Fortmann SP, Krauss RM. Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. JAMA 1996; 276:875–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sentí M, Pedro-Botet J, Nogués X, Rubiés-Prat J. Influence of intermediate-density lipoproteins on the accuracy of the Friedewald formula. Clin Chem 1991;37:1394–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krentz AJ. Lipoprotein abnormalities and their consequences for patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2003;5(Suppl. 1):S19–27.
   Google Scholar
• Shoji T, Emoto M, Kawagishi T, Kimoto E, Yamada A, Tabata T, Ishimura E, Inaba M, Okuno Y, Nishizawa Y. Atherogenic lipoprotein changes in diabetic nephropathy. Atherosclerosis 2001;156:425–33.
   Google Scholar
• ; Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis ConsortiumMatsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, Gansevoort RT. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 2010;375: 2073–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita S, Kawase R, Nakaoka H, Nakatani K, Inagaki M, Yuasa-Kawase M, Tsubakio-Yamamoto K, Sandoval JC, Masuda D, Ohama T, Nakagawa-Toyama Y, Matsuyama A, Nishida M, Ishigami M. Differential reactivities of four homogeneous assays for LDL-cholesterol in serum to intermediate-density lipoproteins and small dense LDL: comparisons with the Friedewald equation. Clin Chim Acta 2009;410:31–8.
   Google Scholar
• Langsted A, Freiberg JJ, Nordestgaard BG. Fasting and nonfasting lipid levels: influence of normal food intake on lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk prediction. Circulation 2008;118:2047–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 2007; 298:309–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA 2007;298:299–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freiberg JJ, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS, Nordestgaard BG. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population. JAMA 2008;300:2142–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langsted A, Freiberg JJ, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Schnohr P, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG. Nonfasting cholesterol and triglycerides and association with risk of myocardial infarction and total mortality: the Copenhagen City Heart Study with 31 years of follow-up. J Intern Med 2011;270:65–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benn M, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, McCarthy MI, Jensen GB, Grande P, Nordestgaard BG. Nonfasting glucose, ischemic heart disease, and myocardial infarction: a Mendelian randomization study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:2356–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iso H, Naito Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Okamura T, Sankai T, Shimamoto T, Iida M, Komachi Y. Serum triglycerides and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:490–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe JH, Bell DS. Postprandial hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia (postprandial dysmetabolism) is a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:899–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tominaga M, Eguchi H, Manaka H, Igarashi K, Kato T, Sekikawa A. Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1999;22:920–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HJ, Lee BC, Ho YL, Lin YH, Chen CY, Hsu HC, Lin MS, Chien KL, Chen MF. Postprandial glucose improves the risk prediction of cardiovascular death beyond the metabolic syndrome in the nondiabetic population. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1721–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. The DECODE study group. European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Diabetes Epidemiology: collaborative analysis of diagnostic criteria in Europe. Lancet 1999;354:617–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruchart JC, Sacks FM, Hermans MP, Assmann G, Brown WV, Ceska R, Chapman MJ, Dodson PM, Fioretto P, Ginsberg HN, Kadowaki T, Lablanche JM, Marx N, Plutzky J, Reiner Z, Rosenson RS, Staels B, Stock JK, Sy R, Wanner C, Zambon A, Zimmet P; Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R3I). The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative: a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in dyslipidaemic patients. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2008;5:319–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saku K, Zhang B, Noda K;PATROL Trial Investigators. Randomized head-to-head comparison of pitavastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin for safety and efficacy (quantity and quality of LDL): the PATROL trial. Circ J 2011;75:1493–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twickler TB, Dallinga-Thie GM, Chon JS, Chapman MJ. Elevated remnant-like particle cholesterol concentration: a characteristic feature of the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Circulation 2004;109:1918–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teramoto T. The clinical impact of pitavastatin: comparative studies with other statins on LDL-C and HDL-C. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012;13:859–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama T, Takada M, Nishibori Y, Fujita K, Miki K, Masuda S, Horimatsu T, Hasuike T. Comparison of preventive effect on cardiovascular events with different statins. The CIRCLE study. Circ J 2011;75:1951–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maejima T, Yamazaki H, Aoki T, Tamaki T, Sato F, Kitahara M, Saito Y. Effect of pitavastatin on apolipoprotein A-I production in HepG2 cell. Biochem Biophys Res C ommun 2004;324:835–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi J. Pre-heparin lipoprotein lipase mass. J Atheroscler Thromb 2004;11:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Miyashita Y, Shirai K, Itoh Y, Sasaki H, Totsuka M, Murano T, Watanabe H. Low lipoprotein lipase mass in preheparin serum of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and its recovery with insulin therapy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;56:181–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitsumoto T, Ohsawa H, Uchi T, Noike H, Kanai M, Yoshinuma M, Miyashita Y, Watanabe H, Shirai K. Preheparin serum lipoprotein lipase mass is negatively related to coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2000;153:391–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitsumoto T, Takahashi M, Iizuka T, Shirai K. Relationship between preheparin lipoprotein lipase mass concentration in serum and bare metal stent restenosis. J Cardiol 2006;48: 65–73.
   Google Scholar
• Endo K, Miyashita Y, Saiki A, Oyama T, Koide N, Ozaki H, Otsuka M, Ito Y, Shirai K. Atorvastatin and pravastatin elevated pre-heparin lipoprotein lipase mass of type 2 diabetes with hypercholesterolemia. J Atheroscler Thromb 2004;11:341–7.
   Google Scholar
• Saiki A, Murano T, Watanabe F, Oyama T, Miyashita Y, Shirai K. Pitavastatin enhanced lipoprotein lipase expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Atheroscler Thromb 2005;12: 163–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohira M, Endo K, Saiki A, Miyashita Y, Terai K, Murano T, Watanabe F, Tatsuno I, Shirai K. Atorvastatin and pitavastatin enhance lipoprotein lipase production in L6 skeletal muscle cells through activation of adenosine monophosphate- activated protein kinase. Metabolism 2012;61:1452–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser DS, Yost TJ, Eckel RH. Preheparin lipoprotein lipolytic activities: relationship to plasma lipoproteins and postheparin lipolytic activities. J Lipid Res 1992;33:209–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornvall P, Olivecrona G, Karpe F, Hamsten A, Olivecrona T. Lipoprotein lipase mass and activity in plasma and their increase after heparin are separate parameters with different relations to plasma lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1086–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patsch JR, Prasad S, Gotto AM Jr, Patsch W. High density lipoprotein2. Relationship of the plasma levels of this lipoprotein species to its composition, to the magnitude of postprandial lipemia, and to the activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase.J Clin Invest 1987;80:341–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• , Emerging Risk Factors CollaborationErqou S, Kaptoge S, Perry PL, Di Angelantonio E, Thompson A, White IR, Marcovina SM, Collins R, Thompson SG, Danesh J. Lipoprotein(a) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and nonvascular mortality. JAMA 2009; 302:412–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonbert S, Malinsky S, Sposito AC, Laouenan H, Doucet C, Chapman MJ, Thillet J. Atorvastatin lowers lipoprotein(a) but not apolipoprotein(a) fragment levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2002;164:305–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boffa MB, Marcovina SM, Koschinsky ML. Lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and thrombosis: mechanistic insights from animal models. Clin Biochem 2004; 37:333–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soran H, Hama S, Yadav R, Durrington PN. HDL functionality. Curr Opin Lipidol 2012;23:353–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaga K, Bujo H, Inoue M, Mikami K, Kotani K, Takahashi K, Kanno T, Saito Y. Increased circulating malondialdehyde-modified LDL levels in patients with coronary artery diseases and their association with peak sizes of LDL particles. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:662–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner CD, Fortmann SP, Krauss RM. Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. JAMA 1996;276:875–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koba S, Hirano T, Ito Y, Tsunoda F, Yokota Y, Ban Y, Iso Y, Suzuki H, Katagiri T. Significance of small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations in relation to the severity of coronary heart diseases. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189:206–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki T, Shimada K, Sato O, Kotani K, Kume A, Sumiyoshi K, Sato Y, Ohmura H, Watanabe Y, Mokuno H, Daida H. Circulating malondialdehyde-modified LDL and atherogenic lipoprotein profiles measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2005;179:139–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Itakura H, Kitabatake A, Goto Y, Toyota T, Nakaya N, Nishimoto S, Muranaka M, Yamamoto A, Mizuno K, Ohashi Y; MEGA Study Group. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368:1155–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto A, Temba H, Horibe H, Mabuchi H, Saito Y, Matsuzawa Y, Kita T, Nakamura H;Life style and cardiovascular risk factors in the Japanese population–from an epidemiological survey on serum lipid levels in Japan 1990 part 2: association of lipid parameters with hypertension. J Atheroscler Thromb 2003;10:176–85.
   Google Scholar
• Ono K. Current concept of reverse cholesterol transport and novel strategy for atheroprotection. J Cardiol 2012;60: 339–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khera AV, Cuchel M, de la Llera-Moya M, Rodrigues A, Burke MF, Jafri K, French BC, Phillips JA, Mucksavage ML, Wilensky RL, Mohler ER, Rothblat GH, Rader DJ. Cholesterol efflux capacity, high-density lipoprotein function, and atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011;364: 127–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun KH, Shin SN, Ko JS, Rhee SJ, Kim NH, Oh SK, Jeong JW. Rosuvastatin-induced high-density lipoprotein changes in patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. J Cardiol 2012;60:383–8.
   Google Scholar
• Yang J, Li LJ, Wang K, He YC, Sheng YC, Xu L, Huang XH, Guo F, Zheng QS. Race differences: modeling the pharmacodynamics of rosuvastatin in Western and Asian hypercholesterolemia patients. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:116–25.
   Google Scholar
• Warrington S, Nagakawa S, Hounslow N. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin by formulation and ethnic group: an open-label, single-dose, two-way crossover pharmacokinetic study in healthy Caucasian and Japanese men. Clin Drug Investig 2011;31:735–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandelman K, Fung GL, Messig M, Laskey R. Systemic exposure to atorvastatin between Asian and Caucasian subjects: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am J Ther 2012;19:164–73.
   Google Scholar