Does hemochromatosis predispose to celiac disease? A study of 29,096 celiac disease patients

References

• Siddique A, Kowdley KV. Review article: the iron overload syndromes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35:876–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmberg M, Hultcrantz R, Ebrahim F, Olsson S, Lindgren S, Loof L, Increased mortality risk in patients with phenotypic hereditary hemochromatosis but not in their first-degree relatives. Gastroenterology 2009;137:1301–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmberg M, Hultcrantz R, Ekbom A, Brandt L, Olsson S, Olsson R, Cancer risk in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis and in their first-degree relatives. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1733–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams P, Brissot P, Powell LW. EASL international consensus conference on haemochromatosis. J Hepatol 2000;33:485–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feder JN, Gnirke A, Thomas W, Tsuchihashi Z, Ruddy DA, Basava A, A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nat Genet 1996;13:399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler E, Felitti VJ, Koziol JA, Ho NJ, Gelbart T. Penetrance of 845G–> A (C282Y) HFE hereditary haemochromatosis mutation in the USA. Lancet 2002;359:211–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen KJ, Gurrin LC, Constantine CC, Osborne NJ, Delatycki MB, Nicoll AJ, Iron-overload-related disease in HFE hereditary hemochromatosis. N Engl J Med 2008;358:221–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cade JE, Moreton JA, O'Hara B, Greenwood DC, Moor J, Burley VJ, Diet and genetic factors associated with iron status in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:813–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, Biagi F, Fasano A, Green PH, The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut 2012;
   Google Scholar
• Halfdanarson TR, Litzow MR, Murray JA. Hematological manifestations of celiac disease. Blood 2006;109:412–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfstrom P, Granath F, Ekstrom Smedby K, Montgomery SM, Askling J, Ekbom A, Risk of Lymphoproliferative Malignancy in Relation to Small Intestinal Histopathology Among Patients With Celiac Disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011;103:436–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Elfstrom P, Broome U, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Celiac disease and risk of liver disease: a general population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:63–9 e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris WE Jr. Hemochromatosis and celiac sprue. Case report. J Fla Med Assoc 1993;80:243–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heneghan MA, Feeley KM, Stevens FM, Little MP, McCarthy CF. Precipitation of iron overload and hereditary hemochromatosis after successful treatment of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:298–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turcu A, Leveque L, Bielefeld P, Besancenot JF, Hillon P. Adult celiac disease and hemochromatosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3661–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhal A, Moreea S, Reynolds PD, Bzeizi KI. Coeliac disease and hereditary haemochromatosis: association and implications. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;16:235–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geier A, Gartung C, Theurl I, Weiss G, Lammert F, Dietrich CG, Occult celiac disease prevents penetrance of hemochromatosis. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:3323–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubizarreta E, Zapata E, Castiella A. Celiac disease and hemochromatosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;20:589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Andersson E, Ekbom A, Feychting M, Kim JL, Reuterwall C, External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register. BMC Public Health 2011;11:450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmberg M. Mortality and co-morbidity among patients with Hemochromatosis and their first-degree relatives. ISBN: 978-91-7409-882-2. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Cardoso EM, Stal P, Hagen K, Cabeda JM, Esin S, de Sousa M, HFE mutations in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis in Sweden. J Intern Med 1998;243: 203–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity ('celiac sprue'). Gastroenterology 1992;102:330–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Otterblad-Olausson P, Pettersson BU, Ekbom A. The Swedish personal identity number: possibilities and pitfalls in healthcare and medical research. Eur J Epidemiol 2009;24:659–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Brandt L, Montgomery SM, Granath F, Ekbom A. Validation study of villous atrophy and small intestinal inflammation in Swedish biopsy registers. BMC Gastroenterol 2009;9–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Brandt L, Montgomery SM. Symptoms and signs in individuals with serology positive for celiac disease but normal mucosa. BMC Gastroenterol 2009;9–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pais WP, Duerksen DR, Pettigrew NM, Bernstein CN. How many duodenal biopsy specimens are required to make a diagnosis of celiac disease? Gastrointest Endosc 2008;67:1082–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Montgomery SM, Ekbom A, Brandt L, Granath F. Small-intestinal histopathology and mortality risk in celiac disease. JAMA 2009;302:1171–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olen O, Bihagen E, Rasmussen F, Ludvigsson JF. Socioeconomic position and education in patients with coeliac disease. Dig Liver Dis 2012;
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asberg A, Hveem K, Thorstensen K, Ellekjter E, Kannelonning K, Fjosne U, Screening for hemochromatosis: high prevalence and low morbidity in an unselected population of 65,238 persons. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;36:1108–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sollid LM. Molecular basis of celiac disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2000;18:53–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergamaschi G, Markopoulos K, Albertini R, Di Sabatino A, Biagi F, Ciccocioppo R, Anemia of chronic disease and defective erythropoietin production in patients with celiac disease. Haematologica 2008;93:1785–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterworth JR, Cooper BT, Rosenberg WM, Purkiss M, Jobson S, Hathaway M, The role of hemochromatosis susceptibility gene mutations in protecting against iron deficiency in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2002;123:444–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainsbury A, Sanders DS, Ford AC. Meta-analysis: Coeliac disease and hypertransaminasaemia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34:33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherayil BJ. Iron and immunity: immunological consequences of iron deficiency and overload. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010;58:407–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiuri MC, De Stefano D, Mele G, Fecarotta S, Greco L, Troncone R, Nuclear factor kappa B is activated in small intestinal mucosa of celiac patients. J Mol Med 2003;81:373–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedby KE, Akerman M, Hildebrand H, Glimelius B, Ekbom A, Askling J. Malignant lymphomas in coeliac disease: evidence of increased risks for lymphoma types other than enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma. Gut 2005;54:54–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corazza GR, Villanacci V. Coeliac disease. J Clin Pathol 2005;58:573–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar