Complication and mortality rate after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy are low and indication-dependent*

References

• Gauderer MW. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy-20 years later: a historical perspective. J Pediatr Surg 2001;36:217–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomberg J, Lagergren J, Martin L, Mattsson F, Lagergren P. Complications after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a prospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012;47:737–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raykher A, Russo L, Schattner M, Schwartz L, Scott B, Shike M. Enteral nutrition support of head and neck cancer patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2007;22:68–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senft M, Fietkau R, Iro H, Sailer D, Sauer R. The influence of supportive nutritional therapy via percutaneous endoscopically guided gastrostomy on the quality of life of cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 1993;1:272–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggenraad RG, Flierman L, Goossens A, Brand R, Verschuur HP, Croll GA, et al. Prophylactic gastrostomy placement and early tube feeding may limit loss of weight during chemoradiotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer, a preliminary study. Clin Otolaryngol 2007;32:384–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen NP, North D, Smith HJ, Dutta S, Alfieri A, Karlsson U, et al. Safety and effectiveness of prophylactic gastrostomy tubes for head and neck cancer patients undergoing chemoradiation. Surg Oncol 2006;15:199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C, Im JP, Kim JW, Kim SE, Ryu DY, Cha JM, Small Intestine Research Group of the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Disease (KASID). Risk factors for complications and mortality of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a multicenter, retrospective study. Surg Endosc 2013;27:3806–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Löser C, Aschl G, Hébuterne X, Mathus-Vliegen EM, Muscaritoli M, Niv Y, et al. ESPEN guidelines on artificial enteral nutrition–percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). Clin Nutr 2005;24:848–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis CL, Cox CE, Garrett JM, Hanson L, Holmes GM, Howard A, et al. Trends in the use of feeding tubes in North Carolina hospitals. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19:1034–8.
   Google Scholar
• Vanis N, Saray A, Gornjakovic S, Mesihovic R. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): retrospective analysis of a 7-year clinical experience. Acta Inform Med 2012;20:235–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Potack JZ, Chokhavatia S. Complications of and controversies associated with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: report of a case and literature review. Medscape J Med 2008;10:142–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tham TC, Taitelbaum G, Carr-Locke DL. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies: are they being done for the right reasons? QJM 1997;90:495–6.
   Google Scholar
• Grant DG, Bradley PT, Pothier DD, et al. Complications following gastrostomy tube insertion in patients with head and neck cancer: a prospective multi-institution study, systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol 2009;34:103–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan JJ, Hill AD, Fanning NP, Healy C, McDermott EW, O’Donoghue DP, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: 5 years of clinical experience on 238 patients. Ir Med J 2003;96:265–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keung EZ, Liu X, Nuzhad A, Rabinowits G, Patel V. In-hospital and long-term outcomes after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with malignancy. J Am Coll Surg 2012;215:777–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zopf Y, Maiss J, Konturek P, Rabe C, Hahn EG, Schwab D. Predictive factors of mortality after PEG insertion: guidance for clinical practice. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011;35:50–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltz JG, Argo CK, Al-Osaimi AM, Northup PG. Mortality after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with cirrhosis: a case series. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;72:1072–5.
   Google Scholar
• Stuart SP, Tiley EH 3rd, Boland JP. Feeding gastrostomy: a critical review of its indications and mortality rate. South Med J 1993;86:169–72.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell SL, Tetroe JM. Survival after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000;55:M735–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amann W, Mischinger HJ, Berger A, Rosanelli G, Schweiger W, Werkgartner G, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). 8 years of clinical experience in 232 patients. Surg Endosc 1997;11:741–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin BJ, Corlew MM, Wood H, Olson D, Golopol LA, Wingo M, et al. The association of swallowing dysfunction and aspiration pneumonia. Dysphagia 1994;9:1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cowen ME, Simpson SL, Vettese TE. Survival estimates for patients with abnormal swallowing studies. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:88–94.
   Google Scholar
• Detsky AS, McLaughlin JR, Baker JP, Johnston N, Whittaker S, Mendelson RA, et al. What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status? Nutr Hosp 1987;23:400–7.
   Google Scholar
• NIH Conference. Bioelectrical impedance analysis in body composition measurement: National Institute of Health Technology Assessment Statement. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:524S–32S.
   Google Scholar
• Kondrup J, Allison SP, Elia M, Vellas B, Plauth M; ESPEN. ESPEN Guideline for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr 2003;22:415–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, Gómez JM, Composition of the ESPEN Working Group. Bioelectrical impedance analysis–part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr 2004;23:1226–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, Manuel Gómez J, ESPEN. Bioelectrical impedance analysis-part II: utilization in clinical practice. Clin Nutr 2004;23:1430–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöbaus N, Norman K, Pirlich M. Phase angle and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis - clinical practicability of impedance parameters. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2010;35:124–30.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston SD, Tham TC, Mason M. Death after PEG: results of the national confidential enquiry into patient outcome and death. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;68:223–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdil A, Saka M, Ates Y, Tuzun A, Bagci S, Uygun A, et al. Enteral nutrition via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nutritional status of patients: five-year prospective study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;20:1002–7.
   Google Scholar
• Arora G, Rockey D, Gupta S. High In-hospital mortality after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: results of a nationwide population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:1437–44; e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth R, Voss C, Smoliner C, Sieber CC, Bauer JM, Volkert D. Complications and mortality after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in geriatrics: a prospective multicenter observational trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012;13:228–33.
   Google Scholar
• Romesser PB, Romanyshyn JC, Schupak KD, Setton J, Riaz N, Wolden SL, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in oropharyngeal cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy. Cancer 2012;118:6072–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter-Schrag HJ, Richter S, Ruthmann O, Olschewski M, Hopt UT, Fischer A. Risk factors and complications following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a case series of 1041 patients. Can J Gastroenterol 2011;25:201–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dormann AJ, Wigginghaus B, Risius H, Kleimann F, Kloppenborg A, Grünewald T, et al. A single dose of ceftriaxone administered 30 minutes before percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy significantly reduces local and systemic infective complications. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:3220–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma VK, Howden CW. Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials of antibiotic prophylaxis before percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3133–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klose J, Heldwein W, Rafferzeder M, Sernetz F, Gross M, Loeschke K. Nutritional status and quality of life in patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in practice: prospective one-year follow-up. Dig Dis Sci 2003;48:2057–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar