The celiac iceberg: from the clinical spectrum to serology and histopathology in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and Down syndrome

References

• Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR, Mearin ML, Phillips A, Shamir R, et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012;54:136–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasano A, Catassi C. Clinical practice. Celiac disease. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2419–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nenna R, Tiberti C, Petrarca L, Lucantoni F, Mennini M, Luparia RP, et al. The celiac iceberg: characterization of the disease in primary schoolchildren. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013;56:416–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms S. Celiac disease and gluten-associated diseases. Altern Med Rev 2005;10:172–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfström P, Sundström J, Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review with meta-analysis: associations between coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;40:1123–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mårild K, Stephansson O, Grahnquist L, Cnattingius S, Söderman G, Ludvigsson JF. Down syndrome is associated with elevated risk of celiac disease: a nationwide case–control study. J Pediatr 2013;163:237–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aktay AN, Lee PC, Kumar V, Parton E, Wyatt DT, Werlin SL. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of celiac disease in juvenile diabetes in Wisconsin. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;33:462–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves CBCD, Silva IN, Tanure MG, Bahia M. Study of prevalence of celiac disease in children with type1 diabetes mellitus: result of 10 years of follow-up. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2013;57:375–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mont-Serrat C, Hoineff C, Meirelles RMR, Kupfer R. Diabetes and autoimmune diseases: prevalence of celiac disease in children and adolescents with type1 diabetes mellitus. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2008;52:1461–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitacker FC, Hessel G, Lemos-Marini SHV, Paulino MFVM, Minicucci WJ, Guerra-Júnior G. Prevalence and clinical aspects when it comes to the association between type1 diabetes mellitus and celiac disease. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2008;52:635–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baptista ML, Koda YK, Mitsunori R, Nisihara RM, Ioshii SO. Prevalence of celiac disease in Brazilian children and adolescents with type1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;41:621–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt KG, Silva GA, Antunes M. Celiac disease in a group of children and adolescents with type1 diabetes mellitus. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2004;48:823–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhat AS, Chaturvedi MK, Saini S, Bhatnagar S, Gupta N, Sapra S, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in Indian children with Down syndrome and its clinical and laboratory predictors. Indian J Pediatr 2013;80:114–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Book L, Hart A, Black J, Feolo M, Zone JJ, Neuhausen SL. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of celiac disease in Down syndrome in a US study. Am J Med Genet 2001;98:70–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonamico M, Mariani P, Danesi HM, Crisogianni M, Failla P, Gemme G, et al. Prevalence and clinical picture of celiac disease in Italian Down syndrome patients: a multicenter study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;33:139–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobe MCS, Perini LD, de Noronha MGO, Krueger MB, Castellen NR. Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in patients with Down syndrome. AMRIGS 2013;57:5–8.
   Google Scholar
• Nisihara RM, Kotze LM, Utiyama SR, Oliveira NP, Fiedler PT, Messias-Reason IT. Celiac disease in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. J Pediatr 2005;81:373–6.
   Google Scholar
• Catassi C, Gatti S, Fasano A. The new epidemiology of celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;59:S7–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szaflarska-Poplawaska A. Coexistence of coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes. Prz Gastroenterol 2014;9:11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Kota SK, Meher LK, Jammula S, Kota SK, Modi KD. Clinical profile of coexisting conditions in type1 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetol Metab Synd: Clin Res Rev 2012;6:70–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volta U, Tovoli F, Caio G. Clinical and immunological features of celiac disease in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;5:466–79.
   Google Scholar
• Deja G, Myrda A, Jarosz-Chobot P, Siekiera U. The assessment of autoimmunological status and prevalence of different forms of celiac disease among children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and celiac disease. Mediat Inflamm 2008;1:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Narula P, Porter L, Langton J, Rao V, Davies P, Cummins C, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in children with type1 diabetes screened for celiac disease. Pediatrics 2009;124:e489–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker SF, Tushuizen ME, Stokvis-Brantsma WH, Aanstoot HJ, Winterdijk P, Van Setten PA, et al. Frequent delay of coeliac disease diagnosis in symptomatic patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: clinical and genetic characteristics. Eur J Intern Med 2013;24:456–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel H, Silveira LRM, Gadelha MIP, Pereira MLB, Vargas PR. Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Doença Celíaca. Ministério da Saúde. http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/pcdt_doença_celíaca. (Cited 22 June 2010).
   Google Scholar
• WHO AnthroChild Growth Standards. http://www.who.int/childgrowth/software (Cited 22 June 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Cronk C, Crocker AC, Pueschel SM, Shea AM, Zackai E, Pickens G, et al. Growth charts for children with down syndrome: 1 month to 18 years of age. Pediatrics 1988;81:102–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlovic M, Radlovic N, Lekovic Z, Stojsic Z, Puleva K, Berenji K. When to screen children with Down syndrome for celiac disease? J Trop Pediatr 2010;56:443–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naspitz CK, Solé D, Sampaio C, Sales MM, Gonzalez GH. Níveis séricos de IgG, IgM, IgA em crianças brasileiras normais. J Pediatr (Rio J) 1982;52:121–6.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity (‘celiac sprue’). Gastroenterology 1992;102:330–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberhuber G, Granditsch G, Vogelsang H. The histopathology of coeliac disease: time for a standardized report scheme for pathologists. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;11:1185–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Fasano A. Timing of introduction of gluten and celiac disease risk. Ann Nutr Metab 2012;60:22–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akobeng AK, Ramanan AV, Buchan I, Heller RF. Effect of breast feeding on risk of coeliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:39–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris JM, Barriga K, Hoffenberg EJ, Taki I, Miao D, Haas JE, et al. Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity and timing of gluten introduction in the diet of infants at increased risk of disease. JAMA 2005;293:2343–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Francavilla R, Pulvirenti A, Tonutti E, Amarri S, et al. Introduction of gluten, HLA status, and the risk of celiac disease in children. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1295–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vriezinga SL, Auricchio R, Bravi E, Castillejo G, Chmielewska A, Crespo Escobar P, et al. Randomized feeding intervention in infants at high risk for celiac disease. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1304–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues MLC, Motta MEFA. Mechanisms and factors associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr (RioJ) 2012;88:17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barera G, Bonfanti R, Viscardi M, Bazzigaluppi E, Calori G, Meschi F, et al. Occurrence of celiac disease after onset of type 1 diabetes: a 6-year prospective longitudinal study. Pediatrics 2002;109:833–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzese A, Iafusco D, Spadaro R, Cavaliere O, Prisco F, Auricchio R, et al. Potential celiac disease in type1 diabetes: a multicenter study. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 2011;92:53–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sárdy M, Csikós M, Geisen C, Preisz K, Kornseé Z, Tomsits E, et al. Tissue transglutaminase ELISA positivity in autoimmune disease independent of gluten-sensitive disease. Clin Chim Acta 2007;376:126–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar