References
- Austin K L, Stapleton J V, Mather LE. Relationship between blood meperidine concentrations and analgesic response: a preliminary report. Anesthesiology 1980; 53: 460–466
- Bridenbaugh PO. Patient management for neural blockade: selection, management, premedication and supplementation. Neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and management of pain.2nd ed, MJ Cousins, PO Bridenbaugh. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1988; 191–210
- Eltherington I L, Chase R. Neural blockade for plastic surgery. Neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and management of pain.2nd ed, MJ Cousins, PO Bridenbaugh. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1988; 635–651
- Gourlay G K, Kowalski S R, Plummer J L, Cousins M J, Armstrong PJ. Fentanyl blood concentration-analgesic response relationship in the treatment of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1988; 67: 329–337
- Mather LE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and its newer derivatives. Clin Pharmacokinet 1983; 8: 422–446
- Mather L E, Cousins MJ. Low dose chlormethiazole infusion as a supplement to central neural blockade: blood concentrations and clinical effects. Anaesth Intensive Care 1980; 8: 421–425
- Mather L E, Cousins MJ. Pharmacology of opioids. II. Clinical aspects. Med J Aust 1986; 144: 475–481
- Mather L E, Seow L T, Roberts J G, Gourlay G K, Cousins MJ. Development of a model for integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of intravenous anaesthetic agents: application to minaxolone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 19: 371–381
- Seow L T, Roberts JG. Evaluation of intravenous anaesthetic agents in volunteers. Clin anaesthesiol 1984; 2: 371–475
- Seow L T, Mather L E, Cousins MJ. Comparison of the efficacy of chlormethiazole and diazepam as i.v. sedatives for supplementation of extradural anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1985; 57: 747–752
- Seow L T, Mather L E, Roberts JG. An integrated study of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlormethiazole in healthy young volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 19: 263–269
- Seow L T, Roberts J G, Mather L E, Cousins MJ. Two-stage infusion of chlormethiazole for basal sedation. Br J Anaesth 1981; 53: 1203–1210
- Pearson R C, Morris P, McCloy R F, Bardhan KD. Reversal of midazolam sedation for gastroscopy by flumazenil. Gut 1988; 29: A1489
- Whitwam JG. Flumazenil: a benzodiazepine antagonist. Many uses, possibly including withdrawal from benzodiazepines. Br Med J 1988; 297: 999
- Whitwam J G, Al-Khudhairi D, McCloy RF. Comparison of midazolam and diazepam in doses of comparable potency during gastroscopy. Br J Anaesth 1983; 55: 773–777
- Bell G D, Morden A, Bown S, Coady T, Logan R FA. Prevention of hypoxaemia during upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy by means of oxygen via nasal cannulae. Lancet 1987; 1: 1022–1024
- Bell G D, Reeve P A, Moshiri M, Morden A, Coady T, Stapleton P J, Logan R FA. Intravenous midazolam: a study of the degree of oxygen desaturation occurring during upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 23: 703–708
- Bell G D, Morden A, Coady T, Lee J, Logan R FA. A comparison of diazepam and midazolam as endoscopy premedication by assessing changes in ventilation and oxygen saturation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 26: 595–600
- Carter A S, Bell G D, Coady T, Lee J, Morden A. Monitoring during sedation for endoscopy. Br Med J 1989; 298: 114
- Colin-Jones D G, Cockel R, Schiller K FR. Current endoscopic practice in the United Kingdom. Clin Gastroenterol 1978; 7: 775–786
- Fletcher G F, Earnest D L, Shuford W F, Wenger NK. Electrocardiographic changes during routine sigmoidoscopy. Arch Intern, Med 1968; 122: 483–486
- Fujita R, Kumura F. Arrhythmias and ischemic changes of the heart induced by gastric endoscopic procedures. Am J Gastroenterol 1975; 64: 44–48
- Martin D, Tweedle D. Monitoring during sedation for endoscopy. Br Med J 1988; 297: 978
- Murray A W, Kenny G. Sedation for endoscopy. Br J Anaesth 1989; 63: 244–247
- Pecora A A, Chiesa J C, Alloy A M, Santoro J, Lazarus B. The effect of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy on arterial Os tension in smokers and nonsmokers with and without premedication. Gastrointest Endosc 1984; 30: 284–288
- Pyörälú K, Salmi H J, Jussila J, Heikkilä J. Electrocardiographic changes during gastroscopy. Endoscopy 1973; 5: 186–193
- Rozen P, Fireman Z, Gilat T. Arterial oxygen tension changes in elderly patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. II. Influence of narcotic premedication and endoscope diameter. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981; 16: 299–303
- Russel NJ. Monitoring during sedation for endoscopy. Br Med J 1988; 297: 978
- Whorwell P J, Smith C L, Foster KJ. Arterial blood gas tensions during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gut 1976; 17: 797–800
- Zsigmond E K, Flynn K, Martinez OA. Diazepam and meperidine on arterial blood gases in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1974; 14: 377–381
- Zsigmond E K, Shively J G, Flynn K. Diazepam and meperidine on arterial blood gases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Pharmacol 1975; 15: 464–469
- Rozen P, Fireman Z, Gilat T. The causes of hypoxemia in elderly patients during endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1982; 28: 243–246
- Robbins J A, Mushlin AI. Preoperative evaluation of the healthy patient. Med Clin North Am 1979; 63: 1145–1156
- Roizen MF. Routine preoperative evaluation. Anesthesia, RD Miller. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1981; 3–19
- Anesthesia and uncommon diseases3rd ed, J Katz, JL Benumof, LB Kadis. Saunders, Philadelphia 1990
- Comroe JH, Jr, Botelho S. The unreliability of cyanosis in the recognition of arterial anoxemia. Am J Med Sci 1947; 214: 1–6
- Phillips G D, Runciman W B, Ilsley AH. Monitoring in emergency medicine. Resuscitation 1989; 18: S21–S35
- Emergency Care Research Institute (ECRI). Pulse oximeters: evaluation. Health Devices 1989; 18: 185–230
- Runciman WB, Ilsley AH. Monitoring and patient safety [Symposium]. Anaesth Intensive Care 1988; 16: 5–114
- Cohen D E, Downes J J, Raphaely RC. What difference does pulse oximetry make?. Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 181–183
- Coté CJ, Goldstein E A, Coté MA, Hoaglin D C, Ryan JF. A single-blind study of pulse oximetry in children. Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 184–188
- Faculty of Anaesthetists, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. Monitoring during anaesthesia 1988,18; Minimum assistance required for the safe conduct of anaesthesia, 1989,8. The use of sedation for diagnostic and minor surgical procedures 1986; 10
- Yelderman M, New W, Jr. Evaluation of pulse oximetry. Anesthesiology 1983; 59: 349–352