241
Views
77
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Alcohol and the Small Intestine

Pages 3-15 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Iber F L. In alcoholism, the liver sets the pace. Nutr Today 1971; 6: 2–4
  • Morgan M Y. Enteral nutrition in chronic liver disease. Acta Chir Scand 1981, suppl 307: 81–90
  • Gazzard B G, Clark M L. Alcohol and the alimentary system. Clin Endocrin Metab 1978; 7: 429–445
  • Wilson F A, Hoyumpa A M. Ethanol and small intestinal transport. Progr Gastroenterol 1979; 76: 388–403
  • Bode J C. Alcohol and the gastrointestinal tract. Adv Intern Med Pediatr 1980; 45: 1–77
  • Porter L E. The gastrointestinal tract. In: van Thiel, moderator. Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of chronic alcoholism. Clinical conference. Gastroenterology 1981; 81: 594–615
  • Lieber C S. Medical disorders of alcoholism. Patho-genesis and treatment. Major problems in internal medicine, L H Smith. X. I. I. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1982; Vol. X
  • Green P H R. Alcohol, nutrition and malabsorp-tion. Clin Gastroenterol 1983; 12: 563–575
  • Burbige E J, Lewis D R, Halsted C H. Alcohol and the gastrointestinal tract. Med Clin North Am 1984; 68: 77–89
  • Mezey E. Effect of ethanol on intestinal morphology, metabolism, and function. Alcohol related diseases in gastroenterology, H K Seitz, B Kommerell. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1985; 342–360
  • Lindenbaum J, Lieber C S. Effects of chronic ethanol administration on intestinal absorption in man in the absence of nutritional deficiency. Ann NY Acad Sci 1975; 252: 228–234
  • Halsted C H, Robles E A, Mezey E. Distribution of ethanol in the human gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Nutr 1973; 26: 831–834
  • Cortot A, Jobin G, Ducrot F, Aymes C, Giraudeaux V, Modigliani R. Gastric emptying and gastrointestinal absorption of alcohol ingested with a meal. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31: 343–348
  • Beck I T, Dinda P K. Acute exposure of small intestine to ethanol. Effects on morphology and function. Review article. Dig Dis Sci 1981; 26: 817–838
  • Ray M, Dinda P K, Beck I T. Mechanism of etha-nol-induced jejunal microvascular and morphological changes in the dog. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 345–354
  • Baraona E, Pirola R C, Lieber C S. Small intestinal damage and changes in cell population produced by ethanol ingestion in the rat. Gastroenterology 1974; 66: 226–234
  • Leddin D J, Ray M, Dinda P K, Prokopiw I, Beck I T. 16,16-Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 alleviates jejunal microvascular effects of ethanol but not the ethanol-induced inhibition of water, sodium, and glucose absorption. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 726–733
  • Dinda P K, Leddin D J, Beck I T. Histamine is involved in ethanol-induced jejunal microvascular injury in rabbits. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 1227–1233
  • Gottfried E B, Korsten M A, Lieber C S. Alcohol-induced gastric and duodenal lesions in man. Am J Gastroenterol 1978; 70: 587–592
  • Millan M S, Morris G P, Beck I T, Henson J T. Villous damage induced by suction biopsy and by acute ethanol intake in normal human small intestine. Dig Dis Sci 1980; 25: 513–525
  • Mazzanti R, Jenkins W J. Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on enterocyte turnover in rat small intestine. Gut 1987; 28: 52–55
  • Pirola R C, Bolin T D, Davis A E. Does alcohol cause duodenitis?. Am J Dig Dis 1969; 14: 239–244
  • Rubin E, Rybak B J, Lindenbaum J, Gerson C D, Walker G, Lieber C S. Ultrastructural changes in the small intestine induced by ethanol. Gastroenterology 1972; 63: 801–814
  • Rossi M A, Zucoloto S. Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on the small intestinal ultrastructure in rats. Beitr Pathol 1977; 161: 50–61
  • Zarling E J, Mobarhan S, Donahue P E. Effect of moderate prolonged ethanol ingestion on intestinal disaccharidase activity and histology. J Lab Clin Med 1986; 108: 7–10
  • Landsdown A B G, Dayan A D. Alterations in crypt cell populations in the small intestine as an early toxic response to sub-acute ethanol administration. Arch Toxicol 1987; 59: 448–452
  • Zucoloto S, Rossi M A. Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on mucosal morphology and mitotic index in the rat small intestine. Digestion 1979; 19: 277–283
  • Zucoloto S, Muccilo G, Wright N A, Alison M R. Chronic effects of alcohol on the epithelium of the small intestine using two experimental models. Virchows Arch ‘Cell Pathol’ 1985; 49: 365–373
  • Rossi M A, Zucoluto S. Effects of chronic ethanol ingestion on the small intestine ultrastructure in rats. Beitr Pathol 1977; 161: 50–61
  • Sun D, Albacete R, Chen J K. Malabsorption studies in cirrhosis of the liver. Arch Intern Med 1967; 119: 567–572
  • Pirola R C, Davies A E. Effects of ethyl alcohol on sphincteric resistance at the choledocho-duodenal junction in man. Gut 1968; 9: 557–560
  • Marin G A, Clark M L, Senior J R. Studies of malabsorption occurring in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1969; 56: 727–736
  • Mezey E, Jow E, Slavin R E, Tobon F. Pancreatic function and intestinal absorption in chronic alcoholism. Gastroenterology 1970; 59: 657–664
  • Halsted C H, Robles E A, Mezey E. Decreased jejunal uptake of labeled folic acid (3H.-PGA) in alcoholic patients: Roles of alcohol and nutrition. N Engl J Med 1971; 285: 701–706
  • Cornet A, Hartmann L, Courtois J E, et al. Cirrhose du foie et intestin grele. Confrontations cliniques, biologiques, histologiques, immuno-logiques et bacteriologiques. Sem Hop Paris 1973; 23: 1639–1647
  • Krasner N, Cochran K M, Russell R I, Carmichael H A, Thompson G G. Alcohol and absorption from the small intestine. I. Impairment of absorption from the small intestine in alcoholics. Gut 1976; 17: 245–248
  • Perlow W, Baraona E, Lieber C S. Symptomatic intestinal disaccharidase deficiency in alcoholics. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 680–684
  • Bjarnason I, Ward K, Peters T J. The leaky gut of alcoholism: possible route of entry for toxic compounds. Lancet 1984; 1: 179–182
  • Bianchi A, Chipman D W, Dreskin A, Rosensweig N S. Nutritional folic acid deficiency with mega-loblastic changes in the small bowel epithelium. N Engl J Med 1970; 282: 859–861
  • Hermos J A, Adams W H, Liu Y K, Sullivan L W, Trier J S. Mucosa of the small intestine in folate-deficient alcoholics. Ann Intern Med 1972; 76: 957–965
  • Bode J C H, Knuppel H, Schwerk W, Lorenz-Meyer H, Durr H K. Quantitative histomorphometric study of the jejunal mucosa in chronic alcoholics. Digestion 1982; 23: 265–270
  • Seitz H K, Velasquez D, Waldherr R, et al. Duodenal gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in human biopsies: effect of chronic ethanol consumption and duodenal morphology. Eur J Clin Invest 1985; 15: 192–196
  • Lev R, Thomas E, Pad F F, Pitchumoni C S. Pathological and histomorphometric study of the effects of alcohol on human duodenum. Digestion 1980; 20: 207–213
  • Persson J, Berg N O, Sjölund K, Stenling R, Magnusson P H. Morphologic changes in the small intestine after chronic alcohol consumption. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 172–184
  • Colombel J F, Hällgren R, Venge P, Mesnard B, Rambaud J C. Neutrophil and eosinophil involvement of the small bowel affected by chronic alcoholism. Gut 1988; 29: 1656–1660
  • Nano J L, Cefai D, Rampal P. Effects of ethanol on an intestinal epithelial cell line. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 1990; 14: 32–37
  • Sjölund K, Persson J, Bergman L. Can villus atrophy be induced by chronic alcohol consumption? A case report. J Int Med 1989; 226: 133–135
  • Draper L R, Gyure L A, Hall J G, Robertson D. Effect of alcohol on the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. Gut 1983; 24: 399–404
  • Talbot R W, Foster J R, Hermon-Taylor J, Grant D A W. Induced mucosal penetration and transfer to portal blood of luminal horseradish peroxidase after exposure of mucosa of guinea pig small intestine to ethanol and lysolecithin. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 11: 1015–1022
  • Carter E A, Harmatz P R, Udall I N, Walker W A. Barrier defense function of the small intestine: effect of ethanol and acute burn trauma. Adv Exp Med Biol 1987; 216A: 829–833
  • Heyman M, Ducroc R, Desjeux J F, Morgat J L. Horseradish peroxidase transport across adult rabbit jejunum in vitro. Am J Physiol 1981; 242: G558–564
  • Stern M, Walker W A. Food proteins and gut mucosal barrier. I. Binding and uptake of cow's milk proteins by the adult rat jejunum in vitro. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: G556–G560
  • Talbot R W, Foster J R, Hermon-Taylor J, Grant D A W. Induced mucosal penetration and transfer to portal blood of luminal horseradish peroxidase after exposure of mucosa of guinea pig small intestine to ethanol and lysolecithin. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 98: 901–904
  • Bjarnason I, Smethurst P, Levi A J, Peters T J. Intestinal permeability to 51Cr-EDTA in rats with experimentally induced enteropathy. Gut 1985; 26: 579–585
  • Kryszewski A. Evaluation of absorption and secretory function of the small intestine in chronic alcoholism. Acta Med Pol 1979; 20: 83–95
  • Stern M, Carter E A, Walker W A. Food proteins and gut mucosal barrier. I. V. Effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on handling and uptake of bovine serum albumine by rat small intestine. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31: 1242–1248
  • Krishnamra N, Limlomwongse L. The in vivo effect of ethanol on gastrointestinal motility and gastrointestinal handling of calcium in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1987; 33: 89–98
  • Pirola R C, Davis A E. Effects of intravenous alcohol on motility of the duodenum and of the sphincter of Oddi. Aust Ann Med 1970; 1: 24
  • Robles E A, Mezey E, Halsted C H, Schuster M M. Effect of ethanol on motility of the small intestine. Johns Hopkins Med J 1974; 135: 17–24
  • Preedy V R, Duane P, Peters T J. Acute ethanol dosage reduces the synthesis of smooth muscle proteins in the small intestine of the rat. Gut 1988; 29: 1244–1248
  • Preedy V R, Peters T J. Protein synthesis of muscle fractions from the small intestine in alcohol fed rats. Gut 1990; 31: 305–310
  • Dinda P K, Hurst R O, Beck I T. Effect of ethanol on disaccharidases of hamster jejunal brush border membrane. Am J Physiol 1979; 237: 68–76
  • Eloy R, Battinger F, Bignon J Y, Ananna A, Grenier J F. Intestinal brush border enzymes and chronic alcohol ingestion. Res Exp Med 1979; 175: 257–69
  • Keshavarzian A, Iber F L, Dangleis M D, Cornish R. Intestinal-transit and lactose intolerance in chronic alcoholics. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44: 70–76
  • Mazzanti R, Debnam E, Jenkins W J. Effect of chronic ethanol intake on lactase activity and active galactose absorption in rat small intestine. Gut 1987; 28: 56–60
  • Raul F, Doffoel M, Marescaux J, Bockel R, Grenier J F. Effects of prolonged alcohol administration and a high carbohydrate-low protein diet on the activities of the jejunal brush border enzymes in the rat. Gut 1982; 23: 962–967
  • Mazzanti R, Debnam E, Jenkins W J. Effect of chronic ethanol intake on lactase activity and active galactose absorption in rat small intestine. Gut 1987; 28: 56–60
  • Wisniewska I R, Gawlik Z, Sasinowska-Motyl M. Effect of simultaneous administration of ibuprofen and ethanol on the alkaline phosphatase activity in the small intestine. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 1985; 23: 51–60
  • Cornell S, Meister A. Glutathion and gammaglutamyl cycle enzymes in crypt and villus tip cells of rat jejunal mucosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976; 73: 420–422
  • Ishii H, Yasuracka S, Shigeta Y, et al. Hepatic and intestinal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity; its activation by chronic ethanol administration. Life Sci 1978; 23: 1393–1398
  • Seitz H K, Velasquez D, Czygan P, et al. Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on duodenal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in man and in rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982; 17(suppl 78)2214
  • Ishii H, Watanabe Y, Okuno F, et al. Alcohol-induced enhancement of intestinal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in rat and humans: a possible role in increased serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in alcoholics. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 1988; 12: 111–115
  • Kalant H. Absorption, distribution, and elimination of ethanol: effects on biological membranes. The biology of alcoholism, B Kissin, H Begleiter. Plenum Press, New York 1971, (Biochemistry; vol I)
  • O'Neill B, Weber F, Hornig D, Semenza G. Ethanol selectivity affects Na+-gradient dependent intestinal transport system. FEBS Letters 1986; 194: 183–185
  • Bode J C, Bode C, Heidelbach R, Durr H-K, Martini G A. Jejunal microflora in patients with chronic alcohol abuse. Hepatogastroenterol 1984; 31: 30–34
  • Lembcke B, Kraus B, Lankisch P-G. Small intestinal function in chronic relapsing pancreatitis. Hepatogastroenterol 1985; 32: 149–151
  • Bode C H, Kolepke K, Schäfer K, Bode J C. Hydrogen breath test in alcoholics: evidence for bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. Ale Alcoholism 1989; 24: 368
  • King C E, Toskes P P. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Gastroenterology 1979; 76: 1035–1055
  • Baraona E, Julkunen R, Tannenbaum L, Lieber C S. Role of intestinal bacterial overgrowth in ethanol production and metabolism in rats. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 103–110
  • Cobb C F, van Thiel D H, Wargo J. Ethanol inhibition of glucose absorption in isolated, perfused small bowel of rats. Surgery 1983; 94: 199–203
  • Griffaton G F, Faudemay C, Sautier C, Lowy R. Absorption of glucose and lactic acid by everted intestinal loops in the rat after intraperitoneal injection of alcohol. Nutr Metab 1969; 11: 116
  • Thomson A B R. Effect of chronic ingestion of ethanol on in vitro uptake of lipids and glucose in the rabbit jejunum. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: 120–129
  • Lindenbaum J, Lieber C S. Effects of chronic ethanol administration on intestinal absorption in man in the absence of nutritional deficiency. Ann NY Acad Sci 1975; 252: 228–234
  • Israel Y, Valenzuela J E, Salazar J, Ugarte G. Alcohol and amino acid transport in the human small intestine. J Nutr 1969; 98: 222
  • World M J, Ryle P R, Thomson A D. Alcoholic malnutrition and the small intestine. Ale Alcoholism 1985; 20: 89–124
  • Roggin G M, Iber F L, Kater R M H, Tobon F. Malabsorption in the chronic alcoholic. Johns Hopkins Med J 1969; 125: 321–330
  • Roggin G M, Iber F L, Linscheer W G. Intraluminal fat digestion in the chronic alcoholic. Gut 1972; 13: 107–111
  • Dinda P K, Beck I T, Beck M, McElligot T F. Effect of ethanol on sodium-dependent glucose transport in the small intestine of the hamster. Gastroenterology 1975; 68: 1517–1520
  • Fox J E, Bourdages R, Beck I T. Effect of ethanol on glucose and water absorption in hamster jejunum in vivo. Am J Dig Dis 1977; 23: 193–197
  • Kuo Y J, Shanbur L L. Effects of ethanol on sodium, 3–0-methyl glucose, and L-alanine transport in the jejunum. Am J Dig Dis 1978; 23: 51–55
  • Mekhijan H S, May E S. Acute and chronic effects of ethanol on fluid transport in the human small intestine. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 1280–1283
  • Himal H S, Greenberg L. The effect of ethanol and bile on electrolyte movement across canine proximal duodenal mucosa. Am J Gastroenterol 1977; 68: 45–48
  • Mekhijan H S, May E S, Sury T. The effect of ethanol on human jejunal absorption. Clin Res 1974; 22: 604A
  • Krasner N, Cochran K M, Russell R I, Carmichael H A, Thompson G G. Alcohol and absorption from the small intestine. I. Impairment of absorption from the small intestine in alcoholics. Gut 1976; 17: 245–248
  • Hoyumpa A M. Mechanism of vitamin deficiencies in alcoholism. Alc Clin Exp Res 1986; 10: 573–581
  • Said H M, Strum W B. Effect of ethanol and other aliphatic alcohols on the intestinal transport of folates. Digestion 1986; 35: 129–135
  • Halstad C H, Griggs R C, Harris J W. The effect of alcoholism on the absorption of folic acid (H3-PGA) evaluated by plasma levels and urinary excretion. J Lab Clin Med 1967; 69: 116–131
  • Halstad C H, Romero J J, Tamura T, Ruebner B, French S. Folate metabolism in the alcoholic monkey. Gastroenterol 1979; 76: 1149
  • Leevy C M, Baker H M. Vitamins and alcoholism. Am J Clin Nutr 1968; 21: 1325–1334
  • Hoyumpa A M, Middleton H M, Wilson F A, Schenker S. Thiamine transport across the rat intestine. I. Normal characteristics. Gastroenterology 1975; 68: 1218–1229
  • Hoyumpa A M, Breen K J, Schenker S, Wilson F A. Thiamine transport across the rat intestine. J Lab Clin Med 1975; 86: 803–816
  • Leevy C M, Frank O, Leevy C B, Baker H. Nutritional factors in liver disease of the alcoholic. Acta Med Scand 1985, suppl 703: 67–79
  • Tomasulo P A, Kater R M H, Iber F L. Impairment of thiamine absorption in alcoholism. Am J Clin Nutr, 21: 1341
  • Thomson A D, Baker H, Leevy C M. Pattern of 35S-thiamin hydrochloride absorption in the malnourished alcoholic patients. J Lab Clin Med 1970; 76: 34–38
  • Breen K J, Buttigieg R, Iossifldis S, Lourensz C, Wood B. Jejunal uptake of thiamin hydrochloride in man. Influence of alcoholism and alcohol. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 42: 121–126
  • Fazio V, Flint D M, Wahlqvist M L. Acute effects of alcohol on plasma ascorbic acid in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 2394–2396
  • Verdy M, Caron D. Ethanol et absorption du calcium chez l'humain. Biol Gastroenterol 1973; 6: 157–160
  • Krawitt E L. Effect of acute ethanol administration on duodenal calcium transport. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1974; 146: 406–408
  • Laitinen K, Lamberg-Allardt C, Tunninen R, et al. Acute alcohol intoxication causes transitory hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia and hypermagnesemia in normal men ‘Abstract’. XX BAR Meeting. Helsinki 1990
  • Krishnamra N, Boonpimol P. Acute effect of ethanol on intestinal calcium transport. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1986; 32: 229–236
  • Krawitt E L. Ethanol inhibits intestinal calcium transport in rats. Nature 1973; 243: 88–89
  • Krawitt E L, Sampson W, Katagiri C A. Effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on ethanol mediated suppression of calcium absorption. Calcif Tiss Res 1975; 18: 119–124
  • Björneboe G-E, Björneboe A, Johnsen J, et al. Calcium status and calcium-regulating hormones in alcoholics. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 1988; 12: 229–232
  • Turner R T, Aloia R C, Segel L D, Hannon K S, Bell N H. Chronic alcohol treatment results in disturbed vitamin D metabolism and skeletal abnormalities in rats. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 1988; 12: 159–163
  • Conte D, Velio P, Brunelli L, et al. Stainable iron in gastric and duodenal mucosa of primary hemochromatosis patients and alcoholics. Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 237–240
  • Strohmeyer G. Eisen-und Kupferstoffwechsel. Klinik der Gegenwart, H E Bock, F Hartman. Urban & Schwartzenberg, Munich 1972; Vol 10
  • Schulte R M. Magnesiumstoffwechselströrungen bei Patienten mit chronischer nicht-alkoholbed-ingter Leberkrankheitund mit kronischer Alkoolismus. Dissertation, University of Marburg, F. R. G. 1978
  • Kalbfleisch J M, Lindeman R D, Ginn H E, et al. Effects of ethanol administration on urinary excretion of magnesium and other electrolytes in alcoholic and normal subjects. J Clin Invest 1963; 42: 1471–1475
  • Åkesson B. Alkohol och nutrition. Ålkohol som sjukdomsorsak, Å Nordén. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm 1988, (in Swedish)
  • Vallee B L, Wacker W E, Bartholomay A F, Robin E D. Zinc metabolism hepatic dysfunction. I. Serum zinc concentrations in Laennecs's cirrhosis and their validation by sequential analysis. N Engl J Med 1956; 255: 403
  • Vallee B L, Wacker W E, Bartholomay A, Hoch F L. Zinc metabolism in hepatic dysfunction. II. Correlation of metabolic patterns with biochemical findings. N Engl J Med 1957; 257: 1055–1065
  • Halsted J A, Hackley B, Rudzki C, Smith J C. Plasma zinc concentration in liver diseases. Comparison with normal controls and certain other chronic diseases. Gastroenterology 1968; 54: 1098–1105
  • Walker B E, Dawson J B, Kelleher J, Loswsky M S. Plasma and urinary zinc in patients with malabsorption syndromes or hepatic cirrhosis. Gut 1973; 14: 943–948
  • Lindeman R D, Baxter D J, Yunice A A, Kraikitpanitch S. Serum concentrations and urinary excretions of zinc in cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency. Am J Med Sci 1978; 275: 17–31
  • Sullivan J F, Lankford H G. Zinc metabolism and chronic alcoholism. Am J Clin Nutr 1965; 17: 57–63
  • McClain C J, Antonow D R, Cohen D A, Shedlofsky S I. Zinc metabolism in alcoholic liver disease. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 1986; 10: 582–589
  • Sullivan J F, Jetton M M, Burch R E. A zinc tolerance test. J Lab Clin Med 1979; 93: 485–492
  • Antonsson D L, Barak A J, Vanderhood I A. Effect of acute and chronic ethanol ingestion on zinc absorption. Clin Res 1978; 26: 660A
  • Falchuk K H. Effect of acute disease and ACTH on serum zinc proteins. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 1129–1134
  • Hartoma T R, Sotaniemi F A, Pelkonen O, Ahlqvist J. Serum zinc and serum copper and indices of drug metabolism in alcoholics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1977; 12: 147–151
  • Sullivan J F, Williams R V, Burch R E. The metabolism of zinc, selenium in cirrhotic patients during six weeks of zinc ingestion. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 1979; 3: 235–239
  • Astaldi G, Strosseli E. Peroral biopsy of the intestinal mucosa in hepatic cirrhosis. Am J Dig Dis 1960; 5: 603–609
  • Pelletier G, Briantais M J, Buffet C, Pillot J, Etienne J P. Serum and intestinal secretory IgA in alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. Gut 1982; 23: 475–480
  • Bode J C, Fukui H, Brauner B, Bode C. Plasma endotoxin (Et) levels in chronic alcoholics after pretreatment with perchloric acid. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 1990; 14: 272

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.