Spiral Organisms: What are They? A Microbiologic Introduction to Helicobacter pylori

References

• Lee A. Neglected niches. The microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Advances in microbial ecology, K C Marshall. Plenum Press, New York 1985; Vol 8: 115–163
   Google Scholar
• Rappin J P. Contra l'etude de bacterium de la bouche a l'etat normal. Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 6th ed, R S Breed, E GD Murray, A P Hitchens. Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore 1881; 68
   Google Scholar
• Bizzozero G. Ueber die schauchformigen drusen des magendarmkanals und die bezeihungan ihres epithels zu dem oberflachenepithel der schleimhaut. Arch Mikr Anast 1893; 42: 82
   Google Scholar
• Salomon H. Ueber das spirillum des saugetiermagens und sen verhalten zu den Belegzcllen. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1896; 19: 422–441
   Google Scholar
• Doenges J L. Spirochetes in the gastric glands of Macacus rhesus and of man without related disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1939; 27: 469–477
   Google Scholar
• Steer H W. Ultrastructure of cell migration through the gastric epithelium and its relationship to bacteria. J Clin Pathol 1975; 28: 639–646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall B J, Royce H, Annear D I. Original isolation of Campylobacter pyloridis from human gastric mucosa. Microbios Lett 1984; 25: 83–88
   Google Scholar
• Warren J R. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983; 1: 1273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A, Hazell S L. Campylobacter pylori in health and disease: an ecological perspective. Microbiol Ecol Health Dis 1988; 1: 1–16
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin C S, Armstrong J A, Chilvers T. Transfer Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov., as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb, nov., respectively. Int J Syst Bact 1989; 39: 397–405
   Google Scholar
• Paster B J, Lee A, Fox J G. Phylogeny of Helicobacter feus sp. nov., Helicobacter mustelae, and related bacteria. Int J Syst Bact 1991; 41: 31–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox J G, Edrise B M, Cabot E B, Beaucage C, Murphy J C, Prostak K S. Campylobacter-like organisms isolated from gastric mucosa of ferrets. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47: 236–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A, Hazell S L, O'Rourke J, Kouprach S. Isolation of a spiral shaped bacterium from the cat stomach. Infect Immun 1988; 56: 2843–2850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips M W, Lee A. Isolation and characterisation of a spiral bacterium from the crypts of the rodent gastrointestinal tract. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45: 675–683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dent J C, McNulty C AM, Uff J C, Wilkinson S P, Gear M WL. Spiral organisms in the gastric antrum. Lancet 1987; 2: 96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNulty C AM, Dent J C, Curry A. New spiral bacterium in gastric mucosa. J Clin Pathol 1989; 42: 585–591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dye K R, Marshall B J, Frierson J F, Jr., Guerrant R L, McCallum R W. Ultrastructure of another spiral organism associated with human gastritis. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 1787–1791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilman K L, Borchard F, Zeidler M. Spiral-shaped organisms in the gastric mucosa. Gastroduodenal pathology and Campylobacter pylori, F Megraud, H Lamouliatte. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1989; 143–148
   Google Scholar
• Kern S E, Yardley J H, Kafonek D R. Three cases of gastric spirochete-like organisms. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 266–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris A, Raiiq Ali M, Thomsen L, Hollis B. Tightly spiral shaped bacteria in the human stomach: another cause of active chronic gastritis. Gut 1990; 31: 139–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring P M, Shilken K B. ‘Corkscrew-like’ bacteria associated with gastritis. Histopathology 1989; 15: 647–649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A, Eckstein R P, Fevre D I, Dick E, Kellow J E. Non Campylobacter pylori spiral organisms in the gastric antrum. Aust NZ J Med 1989; 19: 156–158
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendes E N, Queiroz D MM, Rocha G A, Moura S B, Leite V R, Fonseca M EF. Ultrastructure of a spiral micro-organism from pig gastric mucosa (‘Gastrospirillum suis’). J Med Microbiol 1990; 33: 61–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick E, Lee A, Watson G, O'Rourke J. The isolation and investigation of stomach-associated spiral/helical shaped bacteria from humans and other animals using the mouse. J Med Microbiol 1989; 29: 55–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox J G, Paster B, Lee A, Dewhirst F, Taylor N S. Genus and specific probes for identification of Helicobacter sp. from man and animals [abstract]. Enferm Digest 1990; 78(Suppl 1)P51
   Google Scholar
• Lee A. Normal flora of animal intestinal surfaces. Adsorption of microorganisms to surfaces, G Bitton, K C Marshall. Wiley, New York 1980; 145–173
   Google Scholar
• Ferrero R L, Lee A. Motility of Campylobacter jejuni in a viscous environment: comparison with conventional rod shaped bacteria. J Gen Micro 1988; 134: 53–59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hazell S L, Lee A, Brady L, Hennessy W. Campylobacter pyloridis and gastritis: association with intercellular spaces and adaption to a mucus environment as important factors in colonisation of the gastric epithelium. J Infect Dis 1986; 153: 658–663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox D L, Riley R, Chang P, Sayahtaheri S, Tassell S, Hevelone J. Effects of molecular oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential and antioxidants upon in vitro replication of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56: 3063–3072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrero R L, Lee A. The importance of urease in acid protection for the gastric colonising bacteria, Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter felis sp. nov. Micro Ecol Health Dis 1991; 4: 121–134
   Google Scholar
• Eaton K A, Morgan D R, Brooks C, Krakowka S. Essential role of urease in the pathogenesis of gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori in gnotobiotic piglets. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 2470–2475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrick J, Lee A, Hazell S, Ralston M, Daskalopoulos G. Campylobacter pylori, duodenal ulcer and gastric metaplasia: possible role of functional heterotopic tissue in ulcerogenesis. Gut 1989; 60: 790–797
   Google Scholar
• Fox J G, Correa P, Taylor N S. Helicobacter mustelae associated gastritis in ferrets: an animal model of H. pylori gastritis in man. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 352–361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry G A, Long P H, Burns J L, Charbonneau D L. Gastric spirillosis in beagles. Am J Vet Res 1987; 48: 831–836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borody T J, George L L, Brandl S. Helicobacter pylori negative duodenal ulcer. Am J Gastroenterol 1991, In press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakowka S, Morgan D M, Kraft W G, Leunk R D. Establishment of gastric Campylobacter pylori infection in the neonatal gnotobiotic piglet. Infect Immun 1987; 55: 2789–2796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert J R, Borromeo K J, Pinkard H, Turner C B, Smith M L. Colonisation of gnotobiotic piglets with Campylobacter pyloridis—an animal model?. J Infect Dis 1987; 155: 1344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radin M J, Eaton K A, Krakowka S. Helicobacter pylori. Gastric infection in gnotobiotic beagle dogs. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 2606–2612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A, Krakowka S, Fox J G, Otto G, Eaton K A, Murphy J C. Helicobacter felis as a cause of chronic gastritis in the canine stomach. Vet Pathol 1991, In press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A, Fox J G, Otto G, Murphy J A. Small animal model of human Helicobacter pylori active chronic gastritis. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1315–1323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox J G, Lee A, Otto G, Taylor N S, Murphy J G. Helicobacter felis gastritis in gnotobiotic rats: an animal model of H. pylori gastritis. Infect Immun 1991, In press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drumm B, O'Brien A, Cutz E, Sherman P. Campylobacter pyloridis associated primary gastritis in children. Pediatrics 1987; 80: 192–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A. Helicobacter pylori: microbiological aspects. A plea for a more critical approach to laboratory investigation of this gastroduodenal pathogen. Helicobacter pylori, gastritis and peptic ulcer, P Malfertheiner, H Ditschuneit. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1990; 9–18
   Google Scholar
• Figura N, Bugnoli M, Cusi M G. Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori: production of cytotoxin. Helicobacter pylori, gastritis and peptic ulcer, P Malfertheiner, H Ditschuneit. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1990; 86–95
   Google Scholar