The Role of Carbohydrate Fermentation in Colon Cancer Prevention

References

• Doll R, Peto R. The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981; 66: 1191–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemmerman C N. Patterns of disease among Japanese living in Hawaii. Arch Environ Health 1970; 29: 266
   Google Scholar
• Thomas D B, Karagas M R. Cancer in first and second generation Americans. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 5771–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips R L. Role of lifestyle and dietary habits in risk of cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists. Cancer Res 1975; 35: 3515–22
   Google Scholar
• Burkitt D P. Relationship as a clue to causation. The Lancet 1970; ii: 1237–40
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald P, Lanza E, Eddy G A. Dietary fiber in the reduction of colon cancer risk. J Am Diet Assoc 1987; 87: 1178–88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steimetz K A, Potter J D. Vegetables, fruit and cancer. I. Epidemiology. Cancer causes and control 1991; 2: 325–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trock B, Lanza E, Greenwald P. Dietary fiber, vegetables, and colon cancer: critical review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence. J Nat Cancer Inst 1990; 83: 650–61
   Google Scholar
• Willett W C, Stampfer M J, Colditz G A, Rosner B A, Speizer F E. Relation of meal, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women. New Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1664–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci E, Stampfer M J, Colditz G, Rimm E B, Willett W C. Relationship of diet to risk of colorectal adenoma in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 91–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCosse J J, Miller H H, Lesser M L. Effect of wheat fiber and vitamins C and E on rectal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 1290–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings J H, Bingham S A, Heaton K W, Eastwood M A. Fecal weight, colon cancer risk, and dietary intake of nonstarch polysaccharides (dietary fiber). Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1783–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen A M, Cummings J H. Mechanism of action of dietary fibre in the human colon. Nature 1980; 284: 283–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetty P S, Kurpad A V. Increasing starch intake in the human diet increases fecal bulking. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43: 210–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton J R. High colonic pH promotes colorectal cancer. The Lancet 1981; i: 1081–3
   Google Scholar
• Walker A RP, Walker B F, Walker A J. Faecal pH, dietary fibre intake and proneness to colon cancer in four South African populations. Br J Cancer 1986; 53: 189–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelson S L, Nelson R L, Nyhus L M. Protective role of faecal pH in experimental colon carcinogenesis. J R Soc Med 1986; 78: 230–3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs L R, Lupton J R. Relationship between colonic luminal pH, cell proliferation, and colon carcinogenesis in 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine treated rats fed high fiber diets. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 1727–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman E, Lightdale C, Winawer S. Effects of psyllium fiber and short-chain organic acids derived from fiber breakdown on colonic epithelial cells from high-risk patients. Cancer Lett 1988; 43: 121–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre A, Young G P, Taranto T, Gibson P R, Ward P B. Different fibers have different regional effects on luminal contents of rat colon. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 1274–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Munster I P, Nagengast F M. The influence of dietary fiber on bile acid metabolism. Eur J Cancer Prev 1991; 1: 35–44, Suppl 2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korpela J T, Korpela R, Adlercreutz H. Fecal bile acid metabolic pattern after administration of different types of bread. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1246–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourquin L D, Titgemeyer E C, Fahey G C, Garleb K A. Fermentation of dietary fibre by human colonic bacteria: disappearance of, short chain fatty acid production from, and potential water-holding capacity of, various substrates. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28: 249–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyman M. Fermentation of dietary fibre in the intestinal tract: comparison between man and rat. Br J Nutr 1986; 55: 487–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastwood M A, Brydon W G, Anderson D M. The effect of the polysaccharide composition and structure of dietary fibers on cecal fermentation and fecal excretion. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44: 51–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver G A, Krause J A, Miller T L, Wolin M J. Cornstarch fermentation by the colonic microbial community yields more butyrate than does cabbage fiber fermentation; cornstarch fermentation rates correlate negatively with methanogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 70–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings J H, Englyst H N. Fermentation in the human large intestine and the available substrates. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45: 1243–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chacko A, Cummings J H. Nitrogen losses from the human small bowel: obligatory losses and the effect of physical form of food. Gut 1988; 29: 809–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen P B, Hove H, Clausen M R, Holtug K. Fermentation to short-chain fatty acids and lactate in human faecal batch cultures. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 1285–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen H S, Holtug K, Mortensen P B. Degradation of amino acids to short chain fatty acids in humans. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 178–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond J H, Currier B E, Buchwald H, Levitt M D. Colonic conservation of malabsorbed carbohydrate. Gastroenterology 1980; 78: 444–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson I H, Levine A S, Levitt M D. Incomplete absorption of the carbohydrate in all purpose wheat flour. New Engl J Med 1981; 304: 891–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flourie B, Leblond A, Florent C, Rautureau M, Bisalli A, Rambaud J C. Starch malabsorption and breath gas excretion in healthy humans consuming low- and high-starch diets. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 356–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englyst H N, Cummings J H. Digestion of the polysaccharides of some cereal foods in the human small intestine. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 42: 778–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen A M. Starch and dietary fibre: their physiological and epidemiological interrelationships. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1991; 69: 116–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englyst H N, Wiggins H S, Cummings J H. Determination of NSP in plant foods by GLC of constituent sugars as alditol acetates. Analyst 1982; 107: 307–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englyst H N, Kingman S M, Cummings J H. Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992; 46: 33–50, Suppl 2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englyst H N, Cummings J H. Digestion of polysaccharides of potato in the small intestine of man. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45: 423–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englyst H N, McFarlane G T. Breakdown of resistant and readily digestible starch by human gut bacteria. J Sci Food Agric 1986; 37: 699–706
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton J R, Dryden A, Kelleher J, Losowsky M S. Super-efficient starch absorption. A risk factor for colonic neoplasia? DigDisSci 1987; 32: 1088–91
   Google Scholar
• Cummings J H, Pomare E W, Branch W J, Naylor C P, Mac-Farlane G T. Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 1987; 28: 1221–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra S L. Faecal urobilinogen levels and pH of stools in population groups with different incidence of cancer of the colon and their possible role in aetiology. J R Soc Med 1982; 75: 709–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald I A, Webb G R, Mahony D E. Faecal hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in vegetarian seventh day adventists, control subjects and bowel cancer patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: S233–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pye G, Evans D F, Ledingham S, Hardcastle J D. Gastrointestinal intraluminal pH in normal subjects and those with colorectal adenoma or carcinoma. Gut 1990; 31: 1355–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashtan H, Stern H, Jenkins D JA, et al. Manipulation of fecal pH by dietary means. Prev Med 1990; 19: 607–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dokkum W, de Boer B CJ, Van Faassen A, Pikaar N A, Hermus R JJ. Diet, faecal pH, and colorectal cancer. BrJCancer 1983; 48: 109–10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashtan H, Stern H S, Jenkins D J, et al. Colonic fermentation and markers of colorectal-cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 723–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perman J A, Modler S, Olson C. Role of pH in production of hydrogen from carbohydrates by colonic bacterial flora. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 643–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van-Berge-Henegouwen G P, van-der-Werf S D, Ruben A T. Effect of long-sterm lactulose ingestion on secondary bile salt metabolism in man: potential protective effect of lactulose in colonic carcinogenesis. Gut 1987; 28: 675–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton J R, Heaton K W. Do colonic bacteria contribute to cholesterol gall-stone formation? Effects of lactulose on bile. Br Med J 1981; 282: 1018–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagengast F M, Hectors M P, Buys W A, van Tongeren J H. Inhibition of secondary bile acid formation in the large intestine by lactulose in healthy subjects of two different age groups. Eur J Clin Invest 1988; 18: 56–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallingborg J, Christensen L A, Ingeman-Nielsen M, Jacobsen B A, Abildgaard K, Rasmussen H H. pH-profile and regional transit times of the normal gut by a radiotelemetry device. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1989; 3: 605–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruppin H, Bar-Meir S, Soergel K H, Wood C M, Schmidt M G. Absorption of short-chain fatty acids by the colon. Gastroenterology 1980; 78: 1500–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topping D L. Soluble fiber polysaccharides: effects on plasma cholesterol and colonic fermentation. Nutr Rev 1991; 49: 195–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis R, Gorbach S. Modification of bile acids by intestinal bacteria. Arch Intern Med 1972; 130: 545–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacDonald I A, Bokkenheuser V D, Winter J, McLernon A M, Mosbach E H. Degradation of steroids in the human gut. J Lipid Res 1983; 24: 675–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald I A, Singh G, Mahony D E, Meier C E. Effect of pH on bile salt degradation by mixed fecal cultures. Steroids 1978; 32: 245–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fini A, Roda A. Chemical properties of bile acids. IV. Acidity constants of glycine-conjugated bile acids. J Lipid Res 1987; 28: 755–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce W R. Recent hypotheses for the origin of colon cancer. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 4237–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafter J J, Eng V W, Furrer R, Medline A, Bruce W R. Effects of calcium and pH on the mucosal damage produced by deoxy-cholic acid in the rat colon. Gut 1986; 27: 1320–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aries V C, Crowther J S, Drasar B S, Hill M J. Degradation of bile salts by human intestinal bacteria. Gut 1969; 10: 575–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narisawa T, Magadia N E, Weisburger J H, Wynder E L. Promoting effects of bile acids on colon carcinogenesis after intrarectal installation of MNNG in rats. J Nat Cancer Inst 1974; 53: 1093–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chomchai C, Bhadrachari N, Nigro N D. The effect of bile on the induction of experimental intestinal tumors in rats. Dis Colon Rectum 1974; 17: 310–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valhouny G V, Satchithanandram S, Lightfood F. Morphological disruption of colonic mucosa by free or cholestyramine-bound bile acids. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29: 439–42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilpart M, Roberfroid M. Effect of secondary bile acids on the mutagenity of MNNG, 2AAF, and 2-nitrofluorence towards Salmonella Typhimurium strains. Carcinogenesis 1986; 7: 703–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill M J. Bile acids and colorectal cancer: hypothesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1991; 1(Suppl 2)69–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imray C HE, Radley S, Davis A, et al. Faecal unconjugated bile acids in patients with colorectal cancer or polyps. Gut 1992; 33: 1239–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der-Werf S D, Nagengast F M, van-Berghe-Henegouwen G P. Intracolonic environment and the presence of colonic adenomas in man. Gut 1983; 24: 876–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayerdorffer E, Mannes G A, Richter W O, et al. Increased serum deoxycholic acid levels in men with colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 145–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Munster I, Nagengast F M. A new method for the determination of cytotoxicity of bile acids to colonic mucosa. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: A404, (abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Lapre J A, van der Meer R. Diet-induced increase of colonic bile acids stimulates lytic activity of fecal water and proliferation of colonic cells. Carcinogenesis 1992; 13: 41–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschner E E, Cohen B I, Raicht R F. Acute and chronic effect of dietary cholic acid on colonic epithelial cell proliferation. Digestion 1981; 21: 290–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschner E E, Raicht R F. Influence of bile on kinetic behaviours of colonic epithelial cells of the rat. Digestion 1979; 19: 322–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRubertis F R, Craven P A, Saito R. Bile salt stimulation of colonic epithelial proliferation. Evidence for involvement of lipoxygenase products. J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 1614–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craven P A, Pfanstiel J, DeRubertis F R. Role of activation of protein kinase C in the stimulation of colonic epithelial proliferation and reactive oxygen formation by bile acids. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 532–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishizuka Y. The role of protein kinase C in cell surface signal transduction and tumor promotion. Nature 1984; 308: 693–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthold S W, Beck D. Modification of early dimethylhydrazine carcinogenesis by colonic mucosal hyperplasia. Cancer Res 1980; 40: 4451–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschner E E, Long F C, Hakissan M, Herrman S L. Differential susceptibility of AKR, C57BL/6J, and CF1 mice to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic tumor formation predicted by proliferative characteristics of colonic epithelial cells. J Nat Cancer Inst 1983; 70: 279–82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deschner E E, Long F C, Hakissian M, Cupo S H. Differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains forecast by acute colonic proliferative response to methylazoxymethanol. J Nat Cancer Inst 1984; 72: 195–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terpstra O T, van-Blankenstein M, Dees J, Eilers G S. Abnormal pattern of cell proliferation in the entire colonic mucosa of patients with colon adenoma or cancer. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 704–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskens A P, Deschner E E. Tritiated thymidine incorporation into epithelial cells of normal-appearing colorectal mucosa of cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1977; 58: 1221–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipkin M, Enker W E, Winawer S J. Tritiated-thymidine labeling of rectal epithelial cells in ‘non-prep’ biopsies of individuals at increased risk for colonic neoplasia. Cancer Lett 1987; 37: 153–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberts D S, Einspahr J. Rces-McGee S, etal. Effects of dietary wheat bran fiber on rectal epithelial cell proliferation in patients with resection for colorectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1280–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowe W A, Bayless T M. Colonic short chain fatty acids: fuel from the lumen. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 336–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger W EW. Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonic mucosa in man. Gut 1980; 21: 793–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dexter D L, Lev R, McKendall G R, Mitchell P, Calabrcs P. Sodium butyrate-induced alteration of growth properties and glycogen levels in cultured human colon carcinoma cells. His-tochem J 1984; 16: 137–49
   Google Scholar
• Gum J R, Kam W K, Byrd J C, Hicks J W, Sleisenger M H, Kim Y S. Effects of sodium butyrate on human colonic adenocarcinoma cells. Induction of placental-like alkaline phosphatase. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 1092–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao D. Zuo-rong S. Wong A, Kim YS. Effect of sodium butyrate on carcinoembryonic antigen production by human colonic adenocarcinoma cells in culture. Cancer Res 1983; 43: 1217–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead R H, Young G P, Bhatal P S. Effects of short chain fatty acids on a new human colon carcinoma cell line (LM1215). Gut 1986; 27: 1457–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheppach W, Sommer H, Kirchner T, et al. Effect of butyrate enemas on the colonic mucosa in distal ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 51–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rephaeli A, Rabizadeh E, Aviram A, Shaklai M, Ruse M, Nudelman A. Derivatives of butyric acid as potential antineoplastic agents. Int J Cancer 1991; 49: 66–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakata T. Stimulatory effect of short chain fatty acids on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine. Br J Nutr 1987; 58: 95–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver G A, Krause J A, Miller T L, Wolin M J. Short chain fatty acid distributions of enema samples from a sigmoidoscopy population: an association of high acetate and low butyrate ratios with adenomatous polyps and colon cancer. Gut 1988; 29: 1539–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausen M R, Bonnen H, Mortensen P B. Colonic fermentation of dietary fibre to short chain fatty acids in patients with adenomatous polyps and colonic cancer. Gut 1991; 32: 923–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar