References
- Kuo G, Choo O, Gitnick H., Alter G, Redeker A, Purcell R, et al. An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 1989; 244: 362–4
- Noun-Aria K T., Magrin S, Alexander G JM, Anderson M G., Williams R, Eddleson A LWF. Abnormal T-cell activation in chronic hepatitis V viral infection: a consequence of monocyte dysfunction?. Immunology 1988; 64: 733–8
- Anastassakos Ch, Alexander G JM, Wolstencroft R A., et al. Interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 activity in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 999–1005
- Ikeda T, Lever A M., Thomas H C. Evidence for deficiency of interferon production in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection acquired in adult life. Hepatology 1986; 6: 962–5
- Tang E. Hepatitis C virus–a review. West J Med 1991; 155: 164–8
- Epstein F H. lnterleukin-1 and the pathogenesis of the acute phase response. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1413–8
- Mizel S B. The interleukins. FASEB J 1989; 3: 2379–88
- Newton R C. Effect of IFN on the induction of human monocyte secretion of IL-1 activity. Immunology 1985; 56: 441–9
- Herrod H G. Interleukins in immunologic and allergic disease. Ann Allergy 1989; 63: 269–72
- Müller C, Gödl I, Ahmad R, Wolf H M., Mannhalter J W., Eibl M M. Interleukin-1 production in acute viral hepatitis. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 205–10
- Daniels H M., Meager A, Eddleston A LWF, Alexander G JM, Williams R. Spontaneous production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1-beta during interferon-alpha treatment of chronic HBV infection. Lancet 1990; 1: 875–7
- Artini M, Natoli G, Avantaggiati M L., Balsano C, Chirilo P, Bonavita M S., et al. Replication of hepatitis C virus in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically infected patients [abstract]. J Hepatol 1992; 17: S3
- Müller C, Zielinski C C. Impaired lipopolysaccharide-inducible tumor necrosis factor production in vitro by peripheral blood monocytes of patients with viral hepatitis. Hepatology 1990; 12: 118–24
- Roberts N J., Steigbigel R T. Effect of in vitro virus infection on response of human monocytes and lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation. J Immunol 1978; 121: 1052–8
- Lane H C., Masur H, Edgar L C., Whalen G, Rook A H., Fauci A S. Abnormalities of B cell activation and immunoregulation in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 453–8
- Kapasi K, Rice G PA. Cytomegalovirus infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells: effect on interleukin-1 and -2 production and responsiveness. J Virol 1988; 62: 3603–7
- Enk C, Gerstoft J, Moller S, Remvig L. Interleukin 1 activity in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Scand J Immunol 1986; 23: 491–7
- Roberts N J., Prill A H., Mann T N. Interleukin 1 and interleukin 1 inhibitor production by human macrophages exposed to influenza virus or respiratory synyctial virus: respiratory syncytial virus is a potent inducer inhibitor activity. J Exp Med 1986; 163: 511–9
- Dianzani F, Antonelli G, Capobianchi M R. The biological basis for clinical use of interferons. J Hepatol 1990; 11: S5–10
- Pirovino M, Aguet M, Huber M, Altorfer J, Schmid M. Absence of detectable serum interferon in acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatology 1986; 6: 645–7
- Abb J, Zachoval R, Eisenburg J, Page G R., Zachoval V, Dein-hardt F. Production of interferon alpha and gamma by peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol 1985; 16: 171–4
- Sakamoto S, Koga S, Ibayashi H. Interleukin 1 activity in culture supernatant of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes from patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatogastroenterology 1984; 31: 248–51
- Hoofnagle J H. Acute viral hepatitis. Clinical features, laboratory findings and treatment. Bockus: gastroenterology, J E. Berk, W S. Haubrich, M H. Kalsner, J LA Roth, F Schaffner. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia 1985; 2856–901
- Keenan R A., Moldawer L L., Yang R D., Kawamura I, Blackburn G L., Bistrian B R. An altered response by peripheral leukocytes to synthesize or release leukocyte endogenous mediator in critically ill, protein-malnourished patients. J Lab Clin Med 1982; 100: 844–57
- Herman J, Kew M C., Rabson A R. Defective interleukin-1 production by monocytes from patients with malignant diseases: interferon increases IL-1 production. Cancer Immunol Immu-nother 1984; 16: 182–5
- Kushner I. C-reactive protein and acute-phase response. Hosp Pract 1990; 25: 13–28