Immune-Mediated Liver Damage in Chronic Hepatitis C

References

• Dienes H P, Popper H, Arnold W, Lobeck H. Histologic observations in human hepatitis non-A, non-B. Hepatology 1982; 2: 562–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheuer P J, Ashrafzadeh P, Sherlock S, Brown D, Dusheiko GM. The pathology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 1992; 15: 567–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefkowitch J H, Schiff E R, Davis G L, Perillo R P, Lindsay K, Bodenheimer H C, et al. Pathological diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C: a multicenter comparative study with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 595–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dienes H P, Hütteroth T, Hess G, Meuer SC. Immunoelectron microscopic observations on the inflammatory infiltrates and HLA antigens in hepatitis B and non-A. non-B. Hepatology 1987; 7: 1317–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wejstål R, Norkrans G, Weiland O, Schvarcz R, Fuchs D, Wachter H, et al. Lymphocyte subsets and β2-microglobulin expression in chronic hepatitis C/non-A. non-B. Effects of interferon-alpha treatment. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 87: 340–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onji M., Kikuchi T, Kumon I, Masumoto T, Nadano S, Kajino K, et al. Intrahepatic lymphocyte subpopulations and HLA class I antigen expression by hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatogastroenterol 1992; 39: 34–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spengler U., Kaczmarska A, Grünerbl A, Hoffman RM., Rieber EP, Johnson JP, . Involvement of immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Viral hepatitis and liver disease, A J Zuckerman, et al. Alan R Liss, Inc, New York 1988; 5769
   Google Scholar
• Alexander G JM, Brahm J, Fagan E A, Smith H-M, Daniels H M, Eddleston A LWF, et al. Loss of HBsAg with interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet 1987; 2: 66–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignatelli M, Waters J, Brown D, Lever A, Iwarson S. Schaff 2, et al. HLA class 1 antigens on the hepatocyte membrane during recovery from acute hepatitis B virus infection and during interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 1986; 36349–53
   Google Scholar
• Shindo M, Di Bisceglie A M, Cheung L, Shih W-K, Cristiano K, Feinstone SM., et al. Decrease in serum hepatitis C viral RNA during alpha-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 700–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano Y, Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, Tanaka E. Comparative study of clinical, histological, and immunological responses to interferon therapy in type non-A, non-B, and type B chronic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 24–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Buey L, López-Botet M, García-Sánchez A, Balboa M A, Aramburu J, García-Monzón C, et al. Variability in the expression of a β2-microglobulin epitope on hepatocytes in chronic type C hepatitis on treatment with interferon. Hepatology 1993; 17: 372–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fattovich G, Farci P, Rugge M, Brollo L, Mandas A, Pontissi P, et al. A randomized controlled trial of lymphoblastoid interferon-α in patients with chronic hepatitis B lacking HBeAg. Hepatology 1992; 15: 584–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Moreno M, Rua M J, Castillo I, Santos M, Navas S, Carrenˆo V, et al. Treatment of children with chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon-a: a pilot study. Hepatology 1992; 16: 882–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farci P, Alter HJ., Govindarajan S, Wong DC, Engle R, Lesniewski RR, et al. Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus. Science 1992; 258: 135–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince A M, Brotman B, Huima T, Pascual D., Jaffery M, Inchauspé G. Immunity in hepatitis C infection. J Infect Dis 1992; 165: 438–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner A J, Geysen H M, Christopherson C, Hall J E, Mason T J, Saracco G, et al. Evidence for immune selection of hepat C virus (HCV) putative envelope glycoprotein variants: potential role in chronic HCV infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 3468–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogata N, Alter H J, Miller R H, Purcell RH. Nucleotide sequence and mutation rate in the H strain of hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 3392–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar U, Brown J, Monjardino J, Thomas HC. Sequence variation in the large envelope glycoprotein (E2/NS1) of hepatitis C virus during chronic infection. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 72–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poralla T, Hütteroth T H, Meyer zum Büschenfelde K-H. Cellular cytotoxicity against autologous hepatocytes in acute and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. Gut 1984; 25: 114–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondelli M, Alberti A, Tremolada F, Williams R, Eddleston A LWF, Realdi G. In-vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity for autologous liver cells in chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1986; 63: 147–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imawari M, Nomura M, Kaieda T, Moriyama T, Oshimi K, Nakamura I, et al. Establishment of a human T-cell clone cytotoxic for both autologous and allogeneic hepatocytes from chronic hepatitis patients with type non-A, non-B virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 2883–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koziel M J, Dudley D, Afdhal N, Choo Q-Houghton L. M., Ralston R, et al. Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize epitopes in the core and envelope proteins of HCV. J Virol 1993; 67: 7522–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minutello B MA, Pileri P, Unutmaz D, Censini S, Kuo G, Houghton M, et al. Compartmentalization of T-lymphocytes to the site of disease: Intrahepatic CD4+ T-cells specific for the protein NS4 of hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Exp Med 1993; 178: 17–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botarelli P, Brunetto M R, Minutello M A, Calvo Unutmaz P. D., Weiner A J, et al. T-lymphocyte response to hepatitis C virus in different clinical courses of infection. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 580–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kita H, Moriyama T, Kaneko T, Harase I, Nomura Miura M. H., et al. HLA B44-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognizing an epitope on hepatitis C virus nucleocapsid protein. Hepatology 1993; 18: 1039–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schupper H, Hayashi P, Scheffel J, Aceituno S, Paglieroni T, Holland P V, et al. Peripheral-blood mononuclear cell responses to recombinant hepatitis C virus antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1993; 18: 1055–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingenstein R J, Savarese A M, Dienstag JL., Rubin R H, Bhan AK. Immunoregulatory T-cell subsets in acute and chronic hepatitis [abstract]. Hepatology 1981; 1: 523
   Google Scholar
• Wejstkl Norkrans R. G., Lenkei R, Weiland O, Schvarcz R, Fryden A. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with chronic hepatitis C—effects of interferon treatment. Liver 1992; 12: 161–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LaQuaglia M, Tolkoff- P., Rubin N E, Dienstag J L, Cosimi A B, Herrin J T, Kelly M, et al. Impact of hepatitis on renal transplantation. Transplantation 1981; 32: 504–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C-C, Liaw Y-F, Lai M-K, Chu S-H, Chuang C-K, Huang J-Y. The clinical outcome of hepatitis C virus antibody positive renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 1992; 53: 763–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsche C., Brandes J C, Delaney S R, Gallagher-Lepak S., Menitove J E, Rich L, et al. Hepatitis C is a poor prognostic indicator in black kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 1993; 55: 1283–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagawa T, Saito H, Tada S, Tsunematsu S, Morizane T, Tsuchiya M. Is hepatitis C virus cytopathic?. Lancet 1993; 341: 316–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber A, Norder H, Magnius L, Rotzen Rubio M. C., Grillner L, et al. Late seroconversion and high chronicity rate of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with hematologic disorders. Ann Oncol 1993; 4: 229–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan F S, Tzeng C H, Hsiao K I, Hu S T, Liu W T, Chen PM. Withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation reactivates chronic viral hepatitis C. Bone Marrow Transplant 1991; 8: 417–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolho E, Ruutu P, Ruutu T. Hepatitis C infection in BMT patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1993; 11: 119–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshiba M, Sekiyama K, Sugata F, Kanamori H, Kodama F, Okamoto H. Activation of hepatitis C virus following immunosuppressive treatment. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah G, Demetris A J, Irish W, Scheffel J, Mimms L, van Thiel D H, et al. Frequency and severity of HCV infection following orthotopic liver transplantation. J Hepatol 1993; 18: 279–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascher N L, Lake J R, Emond J, Roberts J. Liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Hepatology 1994; 20: 24S–7S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chazouilleres O, Kim M, Combs C, Ferrel L, Bacchetti P, Roberts J., et al. Quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA in liver transplant recipients. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 994–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gane E J, Portmann B C, Smith H M, Tibbs C J, Naoumov N V, Williams R. Hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation (OLT) is associated with severe graft disease [abstract]. J Hepatol 1994; 21: s21, Suppl 1
   Google Scholar
• Pereira B JG, Milford E L, Kirkman R L, Levey AS. Transmission of hepatitis C virus by organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 454–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krawczynski K. (1993) Immune system dependence of liver pathologic changes in HCV infection [abstract]. Fourth International Symposium on HCV. 7–9 May, 1993. TokyoJapan
   Google Scholar
• Martin P, Di Bisceglie A M, Kassianides C, Lisker-Melman M, Hoofnagle JH. Rapidly progressive non-A, non-B hepatitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 1559–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vento S, Cruciani M, Di Perri G, Garofano T, Concia E, Ferraro T., et al. Hepatitis C viraemia with normal liver histology in symptomless HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1992; 340: 1161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marriott E, Navas S, del Romero J, Garcia S, Castillo I, Quiroga J A, et al. Treatment with recombinant α-interferon of chronic hepatitis C in anti-HIV-positive patients. J Med Virol 1993; 40: 107–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyster M E, Diamondstone L S, Lien J-M, Ehmann C, Quan S, Goedert JJ. Natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in multitransfused hemophiliacs: effect of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus. J Acq Imm Def Syndr 1993; 6: 602–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wejstil R, Norkrans G. Chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis in pregnancy: outcome and possible transmission to the offspring. Scand J Infect Dis 1989; 21: 485–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinherg ED. Pregnancy-associated depression of cell-mediated immunity. Rev Infect Dis 1984; 6: 814–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagiwara H, Hayashi N, Mita E, Naito M, Kasahara A, Fusamoto H., et al. Quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA in serum of asymptomatic blood donors and patients with type C chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1993; 17: 545–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wejstål R, Hermodsson S, Norkrans G. Long-term follow-up ol chronic hcpatitis non-A. non-B—with special reference to hepatitis C. Liver 1991; 11: 143–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mattsson L, Weiland O, Glaumann H. Chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis developed after transfusions, illicit self injections or sporadically. Outcome during long-term follow-up—a comparison. Liver 1989; 9: 120–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tremolada F, Casarin C, Alberti A, Drago C, Tagger A, Ribero M L, et al. Long-term follow-up of non-A. non-B (type C) post-transfusion hepatitis. J Hepatol 1992; 16: 273–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merican I, Sherlock S, McIntyre N, Dusheiko GM. Clinical, biochemical and histological features in 102 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Q J Med 1993; 86: 119–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon S C, Elloway R S, Long J C, Dmuchowski CF. The pathology of hepatitis C as a function of mode of transmission: blood transfusion vs intravenous drug use. Hepatology 1993; 18: 1338–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi M, Yamada G, Miyamoto R, Doi T, Endo H, Tsuji T. Natural course of chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 240–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau J YN, Davis G L, Kniffen J, Qian K-P, Urdea M S, Chan C S, et al. Significance of serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C. Lancet 1993; 341: 1501–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alter M J, Margolis H S, Krawczynski K, Judson F N, Mares A, Alexander W J, et al. The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1899–905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti A, Morsica G, Chemello L, Cavalletto D, Noventa F, Pontisso P, et al. Hepatitis C viraemia and liver disease in symptom-free individuals with anti-HCV. Lancet 1992; 340: 697–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shev S, Foberg U, Fryden A, Hermodsson S, Lindh G, Lind-Holm A, et al. Second generation hepatitis C ELISA antibody tests confirmed by the four-antigen recombinant immunoblot assay correlate well with hepatitis C viraemia and chronic liver disease in Swedish blood donors. Vox Sang 1993; 65: 32–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodama T, Tamaki T, Katabami S, Katamuma A, Yamashita K, Azuma N, et al. Histologic findings in asymptomatic hepatitis C virus carriers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 8: 403–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brillanti S, Foli M, Gaiani S, Masci C, Miglioli M, Barbara L. Persistent hepatitis C viraemia without liver disease. Lancet 1993; 341: 464–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar