References
- Cross C E, Halliwell B, Borish E T, Pryor W A, Ames B N, Saul R L, et al. Oxygen radicals and human disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 526–45
- Slater T F, Cheeseman K H, Davis M J, Proudfoot K, Xin W, et al. Free radical mechanisms in relation to tissue injury. Proc Nutr SOC 1987; 46: 1–42
- Halliwell B, Gutteridge J MC. Free radicals in biology and medicine.2nd ed. Clarendon, Oxford 1989
- Lunec J, Blake D. Oxygen free radicals: their relevance to disease processes. The metabolic and molecular basis of acquired diseases., R D Cohen, B Lewis, K GMN Albert, A M Denman. Bailliere Tindall, London 1990; 189–212
- Farber J L, Kyle M E, Coleman JB. Biology of disease. Mechanisms of cell injury by activated oxygen species. Lab Invest 1990; 62: 670–9
- Parks DA. Oxygen radicals: mediators of gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Gut 1989; 30: 293–8
- Keshavarzian A, Haydek J, Zabihi R, Doria M, D'Astice M, Sorensen J RJ. Agents capable of eliminating reactive oxygen species. Catalase, WR-2721, or CU(II)2(3,5-DIPS)4 decrease experimental colitis. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 1866–73
- Simmonds N J, Allen R S, Stevens T JR, Niall R, Van Someren M, Blake D R, et al. Chemoluminescence assay of mucosal reactive oxygen metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 186–96
- Babbs CF. Oxygen radicals in ulcerative colitis. Free Rad Biol Med 1992; 13: 169–81
- Jankowski J, Bridge A B, Scott N, Wormsley K G, Belch J JF. Circulating free radical markers and peptic ulcer disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 3: 823–8
- Aruma O I, Wasil M, Halliwell B, Hoey B M, Butler J. The scavenging of oxidants by sulphasalazine and its metabolites. A possible contribution to their anti-inflammatory effects. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36: 373942
- Nordman R, Ribiere C, Rouach H. Implication of free radical mechanisms in ethanol-induced cellular injury. Free Rad Biol Med 1992; 12: 219–40
- Zselenyi I, Brune K. Possible role of oxygen free radicals in ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33: 865–71
- Mutoh H, Hiroshi H, Ota S, Ivey K J, Terano A, Sugimoto T. Role of oxygen radicals in ethanol-induced damage to cultured gastric mucosal cells. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: G603–9
- Mizui T, Hatsuo S, Hirose F, Doteuchi M. Effect of anti-peroxidative drugs on gastric damage induced by ethanol in rats. Life Sci 1987; 41: 755–63
- Ginsburg I, Misgav R, Pinson J, Varani P A, Ward P A, Kohen R. Synergism among proteinases, phospholipases, microbial hemolysins, cationic proteins and cytokines. A possible major cause of cell and tissue destruction in inflammation. Inflammation 1992; 16: 519–37
- Cheton P BL, Archibald FS. Manganous complexes and th: generation and scavenging of hydroxyl free radicals. Free Rad Biol Med 1988; 5: 325–30
- Stadtman E S, Berlett B S, Chock PB. Manganese-dependent disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide in bicarbonate buffer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 384–90
- Yim M B, Berlett B S, Chock B P, Stadtman ER. Manganese(II)-bicarbonate-mediated catalytic activity for hydrogen peroxide dismutation and amino acid oxidation: detection of free radical intermediates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 394–8
- Varani J, Ginsburg I, Gibbs D F, Mukhopadhyay P S, Sulavic C, Johnson K J, et al. Hydrogen peroxide-induced cell and tissue injury: Protective effect of Mn2+. Inflammation 1991; 4: 291–301
- Tampo Y, Yonaha M. Antioxidant mechanism of Mn(II) in phospholipid peroxidation. Free Rad Biol Med 1992; 13: 115–20
- Weinberg J M, Varani J, Johnson K J, Roeser N F, Dame N K, Davis J A, et al. Protection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by glycine and structurally similar amino acids against calcium and hydrogen peroxide-induced lethal cell injury. Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 457–71
- Dickson R C, Bronk S F, Gores GJ. Glycine cytoprotection during lethal hepatocellular injury from adenosine triphosphate depletion. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 2098–107
- Krinsky NR. Antioxidant functions of carotenoids. Free Rad Biol Med 1989; 7: 617–35
- Beehler C T, Simchuk M L, McCord J M, Repine JE. Effects of dimethyl-thiourea in hyperoxic injury. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 119: 508–3
- Chambers D J, Braimbridge M V, Hearse DJ. Free radicals and cardioplegia: allopurinol and oxypurinol reduce myocardial injury following ischemic arrest. Ann Thorac Surg 1987; 44: 291–7
- Akizuki S, Yoshida S, Chambers D E, Eddy L J, Parmley L F, Yellon D M, et al. Infarct size limitation by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, in closed-chest dogs with small infarcts. Cardiovasc Res 1985; 19: 686–92
- Ligumsky M, Sestieri M, Karmeli F, Zinimerman J, Okon E, Rachmilewitz D. Rectal administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1245–9
- Ginsburg I, Chen R. Cell damage in inflammatory and infectious sites might involve a coordinate ‘cross-talk’ among oxidants, microbial hemolysines and ampiphiles, cationic proteins, phospho-lipases, fatty acids, proteinases and cytokines. Free Rad Res., In press
- Ginsburg I, Kohen R, Ligumsky M. Ethanol synergises with hydrogen peroxide, with peroxyl radical and with trypsin to kill epithelial cells in culture. Free Rad Biol Med 1994; 16: 263–9
- Oats P Y, Hakkinen JP. Studies on the mechanisms of ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 10–21
- Berlet B S, Chock P B, Yim M B, Stadman ER. Manganese (II) catalizes the bicarbonate-dependent oxidation of amino acids by hydrogen peroxide and the amino acid-facilitated dismutation of hydrogen peroxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 389–93
- Smith G S, Barreto J C, Schmidt K L, Tornwall M S, Miller TA. Protective effect of dimethylthiourea against mucosal injury in rat stomach. Implications for hydroxyl radical mechanism. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 1345–55
- Chen H, Tappel AL. Protection by vitamine E, selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin against oxidative damage to liver slices measured by oxidized heme proteins. Free Rad Biol Med 1994; 16: 437–44
- Keaney JF, Jr, Gaziano J M, Xu A, Frei B, Curran-Celentano J, Shwaery G T, et al. Dietary antioxidant preserve endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 11880–4