Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Update

References

• Kildebo S, Nordgaard K, Aronsen O, Breckan R, Burhol P G, Jorde R, et al. The incidence of ulcerative colitis in Northern Norway from 1983 to 1986. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 890–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kildebo S, Breckan R, Nordgaard K, Burhol P G, Jorde R. Members of the Northern Norway Gastroenterology Society. The incidence of Crohn's disease in northern Norway from 1983 to 1986. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 1265–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munkholm P, Langholz E, Nielsen O H, Kreiner S, Binder V. Incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease in the county of Copenhagen, 1962–87: a sixfold increase in incidence. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 609–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langholz E, Munkholm P, Nielsen O H, Kreiner S, Binder V. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in Copenhagen county from 1962 to 1987. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 1247–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stonnington C M, Phillips S F, Melton L J, Zinsmeister A R. Chronic ulcerative colitis: incidence and prevalence in a community. Gut 1987; 28: 402–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowe S P, Redmond S R, Stormont J M, Shah A N, Chessin L N, Segal H L, et al. An epidemiologic study of inflammatory bowel disease in Rochester, New York. Hospital incidence. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 104–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami H O. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a large, population-based study in Sweden. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 350–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle J. Crohn's disease in the northeastern and northern Isles of Scotland: an epidemiological review. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 392–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez Salmeron J F, Rodrigo M, de Teresa J, Nogueras F, Garcia Montero M, de Sola C, et al. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in the province of Granada, Spain: a retrospective study from 1979 to 1988. Gut 1993; 34: 1207–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tragnone A, Hanau C, Bazzocchi G, Lanfranchi G A. Epidemiological characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease in Bologna, Italy—incidence and risk factors. Digestion 1993; 54: 183–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vucelic B, Korac B, Sentic M, Milicic D, Hadzic N, Juresa V, et al. Ulcerative colitis in Zagreb, Yugoslavia: incidence and prevalence 1980–1989. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20: 1043–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottone M, Cipolla C, Orlando A, Oliva L, Aiala R, Puleo A. Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in Sicily: a hospital incidence study from 1987 to 1989. ‘The Sicilian Study Group of Inflammatory Bowel Disease’. Eur J Epidemiol 1991; 7: 636–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vucelic B, Korac B, Sentic M, Milicic D, Hadzic N, Juresa V, et al. Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in Zagreb, Yugoslavia: a ten-year prospective study. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20: 216–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz V. Crohn's disease in Galicia, Spain. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24(Suppl 170)29–31
   Google Scholar
• Manousos O N, Triantaphyllidis I, Emmanouilidis A, Papademitriou C. Ulcerative colitis in Greece. Epidemiologic and clinical data. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24(Suppl 170)25–6
   Google Scholar
• Lee F I, Costello F T. Crohn's disease in Blackpool—incidence and prevalence 1968–80. Gut 1985; 26: 274–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberry J F. Crohn's disease in developing countries. Ital J Gastroenterol 1980; 12: 324–6
   Google Scholar
• Mayberry J F, Mann R. Inflammatory bowel disease in rural sub-Saharan Africa: rarity of diagnosis in patients attending mission hospitals. Digestion 1989; 44: 172–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurata J H, Kantor Fish S, Frankl H, Godby P, Vadheim C M. Crohn's disease among ethnic groups in a large health maintenance organization. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1940–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayanthi V, Chuah S Y, Probert C SJ, Mayberry M, Mayberry J F. Proctitis and proctosigmoiditis—a need to identify the extent of disease in epidemiological surveys. Digestion 1993; 54: 61–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkins B M, Mendeloff A I. The epidemiology of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease. 4th ed, J B Kirsner, R G Shorter. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1995; 31–70
   Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg A, McCarty D J, Jacobsen S J. Geographic variation of inflammatory bowel disease within the United States. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 143–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder V. Progress in epidemiology, quality of life and life expectancy in IBD. Inflammatory bowel disease, G NJ Tijtgat, J FWM Bartelsman, S JH van Deventer. Kluwer Academic Publishers, DordrechtThe Netherlands 1995; 27–32
   Google Scholar
• Thomas G A, Millar-Jones D, Rhodes J, Roberts G M, Williams G T, Mayberry J F. Incidence of Crohn's disease in Cardiff over 60 years: 1986–1990 an update. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7: 401–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler R S. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease; from bench to bedside, S R Targan, F Shanahan. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD 1994; 5–32
   Google Scholar
• Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami H O. Ulcerative proctitis in central Sweden 1965–1983. A population-based epidemiological study. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 97–102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Srivastava E D, Mayberry J F, Morris T J, Smith P M, Williams G T, Roberts G M, et al. Incidence of ulcerative colitis in Cardiff over 20 years: 1968–87. Gut 1992; 33: 256–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berner J, Kiaer T. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease on the Faroe Islands 1964–83. A retrospective epidemiological survey. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21: 188–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Róin F, Róin J. Inflammatory bowel disease of the Faroe Islands, 1981–1988. A prospective epidemiologic study: primary report. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24(Suppl 170)44–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendeloff A I. The epidemiology of chronic IBD. Inflammatory bowel disease, G Järnerot. Corona, Malmo 1992; 15–35
   Google Scholar
• Burch R PJ, de Dombal F T, Watkinson G. Aetiology of ulcerative colitis. II. A new hypothesis. Gut 1969; 10: 277–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haug K, Schrumpf E, Halvorsen J F, Fluge G, Hamre E, Hamre T, et al. Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in western Norway. Study group of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Western Norway. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 1271–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug K, Schrumpf E, Barstad S, Fluge G, Halvorsen J F. Epidemiology of ulcerative colitis in western Norway. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 517–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes J, Rose J D. Crohn's disease in the elderly [editorial]. Br Med J Clin Res 1985; 291: 1149–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Devlin H B, Datta D, Dellipiana A W. The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in North Tees Health District. World J Surg 1980; 4: 183–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Binder V. Epidemiology, course and socio-economic influence of inflammatory bowel disease. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1988; 118: 738–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers B HG, Clark L M, Kirsner J B. The epidemiology and demographic characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease: an analysis of a computerized file of 1400 patients. J Chron Dis 1971; 24: 743–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morson B C. Pathology of ulcerative colitis. Inflammatory bowel disease, J B Kirsner, R G Shorter. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1980; 281–95
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead R. Pathology of Crohn's disease. Inflammatory bowel disease, J B Kirsner, R G Shorter. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1980; 293–307
   Google Scholar
• Calkins B M, Mendeloff A I. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Epidemiol Rev 1986; 8: 60–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkins B M, Lilienfeld A M, Garland C F, Mendeloff A I. Trends in incidence rates of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29: 913–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberry J F, Rhodes J. An international study of mortality from inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion 1982; 244: 73–8
   Google Scholar
• Binder V. Prognosis and quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Int Disabil Stud 1988; 10: 172–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hendriksen C, Kreiner S, Binder V. Long term prognosis in ulcerative colitis based on results from a regional patient group from the county of Copenhagen. Gut 1985; 26: 158–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weterman I T, Biemond I, Pena A S. Mortality and causes of death in Crohn's disease. Review of 50 years' experience in Leiden University hospital. Gut 1990; 31: 1387–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekbom A, Hemlick C G, Zack M, Holmberg L, Adami H O. Survival and causes of death in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population based study. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 954–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weldon M J, Maxwell J D. Lymphocyte and macrophage interleukin receptors in inflammatory bowel disease: a more selective target for therapy. Gut 1994; 35: 867–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lochs H. Consequences of aetiological hypotheses for the treatment of IBD. IBD, pathophysiology as a basis of treatment, J Schölmerich, W Kruis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1993; 30–5
   Google Scholar
• Wright J P, Froggatt J, O'Keefe E A, Ackerman S, Watermeyer S, Louw J, et al. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Cape Town 1980–1984. S Afr Med J 1986; 70: 10–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright J P, Marks I N, Jameson C, Garisch J A, Burns D G, Kottler R E. Inflammatory bowel disease in Cape Town, 1975–1980. II. Crohn's disease. S Afr Med J 1983; 63: 226–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright J P, Marks I N, Jameson C, Garisch J A, Burns D G, Kottler R E. Inflammatory bowel disease in Cape Town, 1975–1980. I. Ulcerative colitis. S Afr Med J 1983; 63: 223–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monk M, Mendeloff A I, Siegel C I, Lilienfeld A M. An epidemiological study of ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis among adults in Baltimore. Hospital incidence and prevalence 1960–1963. Gastroenterology 1967; 53: 198–210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odes H S, Fraser D, Krawiec J. Incidence of idiopathic ulcerative colitis in Jewish population subgroups in the Beer Sheva region of Israel. Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 854–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rozen P, Zonis J, Yekutiel P, Gilat T. Crohn's disease in the Jewish population of Tel-Aviv-Yafo. Gastroenterology 1979; 76: 25–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Odes H S, Locker C, Neumann L, Zirkin H J, Weizman Z, Sperber A D, et al. Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in southern Israel. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 1859–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman A, Fireman Z, Lilos P, Novis B, Rozen P, Gilat T. Epidemiology of ulcerative colitis in the Jewish population of central Israel 1970–1980. Hepatogastroenterology 1989; 36: 193–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Probert C S, Jayanthi V, Pinder D, Wicks A C, Mayberry J F. Epidemiological study of ulcerative proctocolitis in Indian migrants and the indigenous population of Leicestershire. Gut 1992; 33: 687–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayanthi V, Probert C S, Pinder D, Wicks A C, Mayberry J F. Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in Indian migrants and the indigenous population in Leicestershire. Q J Med 1992; 82: 125–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jayanthi V, Probert C S, Pollock D J, Baithun S I, Rampton D S, Mayberry J F. Low incidence of ulcerative colitis and proctitis in Bangladeshi migrants in Britain. Digestion 1992; 52: 34–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singer H C, Anderson J GD, Frischer H, Kirsner J B. Familial aspects of IBD. Clin Gastroenterol 1980; 9: 271–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang H Y, McElree C, Roth M P, Shanahan F, Targan S R, Rotter J I. Familial empirical risks for inflammatory bowel disease: differences between Jews and non-Jews. Gut 1993; 34: 517–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth M P, Petersen G M, McElree C, Feldman E, Rotter J I. Geographic origins of Jewish patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 900–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tysk C, Riedesel H, Lindberg E, Panzini B, Podolsky D, Jämerot G. Colonic glycoproteins in monozygotic twins with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 419–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H Y, Rotter J I. Genetic aspects of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease. 4th ed, J B Kirsner. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1993
   Google Scholar
• Yang H Y, Rotter J I. The genetics of inflammatory bowel disease: genetic predisposition, disease markers, and genetic heterogeneity. Inflammatory bowel disease: from bench to bedside, S R Targan, F Shanahan. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD 1994; 32–64
   Google Scholar
• Toyoda H, Wang S J, Yang H Y, Redford A, Magalong D, Tyan D, et al. Distinct associations of HLA class II genes with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 741–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudkerk Pool M, Roca M, Reumaux D, Bouma G, Pena A S, Colombel J F, et al. The value of P-Anca as a serological marker for ulcerative colitis in different European regions. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6: 399–403
   Google Scholar
• Shanahan F, Duerr R H, Rotter J I, Yang H Y, Sutherland L R, McElree C, et al. Neutrophil autoantibodies in ulcerative colitis: familial aggregation and genetic heterogeneity. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 456–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reumaux D, Colombel J F, Delecourt L, Noel L H, Cortot A, Duthilleul P. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto-antibodies (ANCA) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC): influence of disease activity and familial study. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 336: 515–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duerr R H, Targan S R, Landers C J, Sutherland L R, Shanahan F. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies in ulcerative colitis, comparison with other colitides, diarrhoeal illness. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1590–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxon A, Shanahan F, Landers C, Ganz T, Targan S. A distinct subset of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 86: 202–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanahan F, Landers C, Duerr R H, Targan S R. Neutrophil autoantibodies as disease markers for ulcerative colitis. Immunol Res 1991; 10: 479–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seibold F, Klein R, Slametchka D, Weber P, Berg P, Gregor M. P-Anca in family members of patients with ulcerative colitis and PSC. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: A778
   Google Scholar
• Yang P, Järnerot G, Danielsson D, Tysk C, Lindberg E. P-Anca in monozygotic twins with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1995; 36: 887–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H Y, Rotter J I, Toyoda H, Landers C, Tyran D, McElree C K, et al. Ulcerative colitis: a genetically heterogeneous disorder defined by genetic (HLA class II) and subclinical (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) markers. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1080–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harries A D, Baird A, Rhodes J, Mayberry J F. Has the rising incidence of Crohn's disease reached a plateau. Br Med J 1982; 284: 235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller D S, Keighley A, Smith P G, Hughes A O, Langman M J. Crohn's disease in Nottingham: a search for time-space clustering. Gut 1975; 16: 454–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cave D R, Freedman L S. Seasonal variation in clinical presentation of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Int J Epidemiol 1975; 4: 317–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tysk C, Järnerot G. Seasonal variation in exacerbations of ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28: 95–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Don B A, Goldacre M J. Absence of seasonality in emergency hospital admissions for inflammatory bowel disease [letter]. Lancet 1984; 2: 1156–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Comes M C, Gower Rousseau C, Colombel J F, Belaiche J, Van Kruiningen H J, Nuttens M C, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in married couples: 10 cases in Nord Pas de Calais region of France and Liege county of Belgium. Gut 1994; 35: 1316–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gent A E, Hellier M D, Grace R H, Swarbrick E T, Coggon D. Inflammatory bowel disease and domestic hygiene in infancy. Lancet 1994; 343: 766–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson I R, Hermon-Taylor J. Mycobacterial disease of the gut: some impact from molecular biology. Gut 1992; 33: 145–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson J D, Moss M T, Malik Z P, Tizard M L, Green E P, Hermon Taylor J. Polymerase chain reaction detects myco-bacterium paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease tissue extracts [abstract]. Gut 1991; 32: A572
   Google Scholar
• Burnham W R, Lennard-Jones J E, Stanford J L, Bird R G. Mycobacteria as a possible cause of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1978; 2: 693–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiodini R J, Van Kruiningen H J, Thayer W R, Coutu J A. Spheroblastic phase of mycobacteria isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24: 357–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell D P. Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: the environment revisited. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7: 383–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prantera C, Kohn A, Mangiarotti R, Andreoli A, Luzi C. Antimycobacterial therapy in Crohn's disease: results of a controlled, double-blind trial with a multiple antibiotic regimen. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 513–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham D Y, Al-Assi M T, Robinson M. Prolonged remission in Crohn's disease following therapy for mycobacterium Paratuberculosis [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: A826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afdhal N H, Long A, Lennon J, Crowe J, O'Donoghue D P. Controlled trial of antimycobacterial therapy in Crohn's disease. Clofazimine versus placebo. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 449–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift G L, Srivastava E D, Stone R, Pullan R D, Rhodes J, Wilkinson S, et al. Controlled trial of anti-tuberculous chemotherapy for two years in Crohn's disease. Gut 1994; 35: 363–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaffer J L, Hughes S, Linaker B D, Baker R D, Turnberg L A. Controlled trial of rifampicin and ethambutol in Crohn's disease. Gut 1984; 25: 203–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farmer G W, Vincent M M, Fucillo D A. Viral infection in ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis. Gastroenterology 1973; 65: 8–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekbom A, Wakefield A J, Zack M, Adami H O. Perinatal measles infection and subsequent Crohn's disease. Lancet 1994; 344: 508–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekbom A, Adami H O, Helmick C G, Jonzon A, Zack M M. Perinatal risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132: 1111–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield A J, Pittilo R M, Sim R. Evidence of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease. J Med Virol 1993; 39: 345–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson N P, Pounder R E, Wakefield A J. Perinatal and childhood risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7: 385–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson N P, Montgomery S M, Pounder R E, Wakefield A J. Is measles vaccination a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1995; 345: 1071–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton J R, Emmet P M, Heaton K W. Diet and Crohn's disease: characteristics of the pre-illness diet. Br Med J 1979; 2: 762–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper H, Sommer H. Dietary fibre and nutrient intake in Crohn's disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 1898–901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberry J F, Rhodes J, Newcombe R G. Increased sugar consumption in Crohn's disease. Digestion 1980; 20: 323–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton J R, Emmett P M, Heaton K W. Diet and ulcerative colitis. BMJ 1980; 280: 293–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tragnone A, Valpiani D, Miglio F, Elmi G, Bazzocchi G, Pipitone E, et al. Dietary habits as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7: 47–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järnerot G, Jarnmark I, Nilsson K. Sugar consumption in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or irritable bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983; 18: 999–1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson P G, Ahlbom A, Hellers G. Diet and inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Epidemiology 1992; 3: 47–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilat T, Hacohen D, Lilos P, Langman M J. Childhood factors in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. An international cooperative study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 1009–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panza E, Franchesi S, La Vecchia S, Parranzini F, Petrillo M, Decarli A, et al. Dietary factors in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Ital J Gastroenterol 1987; 19: 205–9
   Google Scholar
• Järnerot G. Dietary factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease, G Jämerot, J E Lennard-Jones, S C Truelove. Corona Astra, Malmö 1992; 53–60
   Google Scholar
• Koletzko S, Griffiths A, Corey M, Smith C, Sherman P. Infant feeding practices and ulcerative colitis in childhood. Br Med J 1991; 302: 1580–1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koletzko S, Sherman P, Corey M, Griffiths A, Smith C. Role of infant feeding practices in development of Crohn's disease in childhood. Br Med J 1989; 298: 1617–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigas A, Rigas B, Glassman M, Yen Y Y, Lan S J, Petridou E, et al. Breast-feeding and maternal smoking in the etiology of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in childhood. Ann Epidemiol 1993; 3: 387–92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levine J. Exogenous factors in Crohn's disease. A critical review. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992; 14: 216–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sonnenberg A. Occupational distribution of inflammatory bowel disease among German employees. Gut 1990; 31: 1037–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler R S, Golden A L. Epidemiology of Crohn's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1986; 8: 160–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whybrow P C, Kane F J, Lipton M A. Regional ileitis and psychiatric disorder. Psychosom Med 1968; 30: 209–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohn E M, Lederman I I, Shore E. Regional enteritis and its relation to emotional disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 1970; 54: 378–87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberg D. A psychiatric study of patients with diseases of the small intestine. Gut 1970; 11: 459–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helzer J E, Chammas S, Norland C C, Stillings W A, Alpers D H. A study of the association between Crohn's disease and psychiatric illness. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 324–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clouse R E, Alpers D H. The relationship of psychiatric disorder to gastrointestinal illness. Annu Rev Med 1986; 37: 283–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz S P, Blanchard E B. Inflammatory bowel disease: a review of the psychological assessment and treatment literature. Ann Behav Med 1990; 12: 95–105
   Google Scholar
• Duffy L C, Zielezny M A, Marshall J R, Weiser M M, Phillips J F, Byers T E, et al. Lag time between stress events and risk of recurrent episodes of inflammatory bowel disease. Epidemiology 1991; 2: 141–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jick H, Walker A M. Cigarette smoking and ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 261–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyko E J, Koepsell T D, Perera D R, Inui T S. Risk of ulcerative colitis among former and current cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 707–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan R F, Edmond M, Somerville K W, Langman M J. Smoking and ulcerative colitis. Br Med J Clin Res 1984; 288: 751–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein M D, Lashner B A, Hanauer S B. Cigarette smoking and ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Mayo Clin Proc 1994; 69: 425–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson P G, Ahlbom A, Hellers G. Inflammatory bowel disease and tobacco smoke-a case-control study. Gut 1990; 31: 1377–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorusso D, Leo S, Misciagna G, Guerra V. Cigarette smoking and ulcerative colitis. A case control study. Hepatogastroenterology 1989; 36: 202–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harries A D, Baird A, Rhodes J. Non-smoking: a feature of ulcerative colitis. Br Med J 1982; 284–706
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franchesi S, Panza E, La Vecchia C, Parazzini F, Decarli A, Bianchi Porro G. Nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease and smoking. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125: 445–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calkins B M. A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 1841–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler R S, Sandler D P, McDonnell C W, Wurzelmann J I. Childhood exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of ulcerative colitis. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 603–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrett M N, Mortensen N, Jewell D P. Smoking may prevent pouchitis in patients with restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: A743
   Google Scholar
• Roberts C J, Diggle R. Non smoking: a feature of ulcerative colitis. Br Med J 1982; 285: 440
   Google Scholar
• Thomas G A, Rhodes J, Mani V, Williams G T, Russell M A, Feyerabend C. Transdermal nicotine as maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 988–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullan R D, Rhodes J, Ganesh S, Mani V, Morris J S, Williams G T, et al. Transdermal nicotine for active ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 811–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lashner B A, Hanauer S B, Silverstein M D. Testing nicotine gum for ulcerative colitis patients. Experience with single-patient trials. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35: 827–32
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg E, Tysk C, Andersson K, Jämerot G. Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease. A case control study. Gut 1988; 29: 352–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein M D, Lashner B A, Hanauer S B, Evans A A, Kirsner J B. Cigarette smoking in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84: 31–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava E D, Rhodes J, Avramidis P, Mayberry J F. Smoking and ulcerative colitis: a community study. Int J Colorectal Dis 1993; 8: 71–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motley R J, Rhodes J, Kay S, Morris T J. Late presentation of ulcerative colitis in ex-smokers. Int J Colorectal Dis 1988; 3: 171–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoni C, Nilsson A. Smoking habits in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. A case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 1130–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelsson S M, Ekbom A, Zack M, Helmick C G, Adami H O. Risk factors for extensive ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis: a population based case-control study. Gut 1991; 32: 1526–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoni C, Nilsson A. Smoking habits in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19: 824–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyko E J, Perera D R, Koepsell T D, Keane E M, Inui T S. Effects of cigarette smoking on the clinical course of ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 1147–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottone M, Rosselli M, Orlando A, Oliva L, Puleo A, Cappello M, et al. Smoking habits and recurrence in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 643–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland L R, Ramcharan S, Bryant H, Fick G. Effect of cigarette smoking on recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1123–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy L C, Zielezny M A, Marshall J R, Weiser M M, Byers T E, Phillips J F, et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of clinical relapse in patients with Crohn's disease. Am J Prev Med 1990; 6: 161–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tysk C, Jämerot G. Has smoking changed the epidemiology of ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 508–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katschinski B, Fingerle D, Scherbaum B, Goebell H. Oral contraceptive use and cigarette smoking in Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1596–600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandler R S, Wurzelmann J I, Lyles C M. Oral contraceptive use and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Epidemiology 1992; 3: 374–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lashner B A, Kane S V, Hanauer S B. Lack of association between oral contraceptive use and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1032–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Logan R F, Kay C R. Oral contraception, smoking and inflammatory bowel disease-findings in the Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18: 105–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lashner B A, Hanauer S B. The absence of an association between oral contraceptive use and ulcerative colitis in patients [letter]. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1784
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lashner B A, Kane S V, Hanauer S B. Lack of association between oral contraceptive use and Crohn's disease: a community-based matched case-control study. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 1442–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godet P G, May G R, Sutherland L R. A meta-analysis of the role of contraceptive agents in inflammatory bowel disease [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: A689
   Google Scholar
• Boyko E J, Theis M K, Vaughan T L, Nicol-Blades B. Increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease associated with oral contraceptive use. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 268–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstman B B, Piper J M, Freiman J P, Tomita D K, Kennedy D L, Ferguson W J, et al. Oral contraceptive oestrogen and progestin potencies and the incidence of deep venous thromboembolism. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19: 931–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hudson M, Hutton R A, Wakefield A J, Sawyerr A M, Pounder R E. Evidence for activation of coagulation in Crohn's disease. Blood Coag Fibrin 1992; 3: 773–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vecchi M, Cattaneo M, de Franchis R, Mannuchi P M. Risk of thromboembolic complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Study of hemostasis measurements. Int J Clin Lab Res 1991; 21: 165–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wakefield A J, Dhillon A P, Rowles P M, Sawyerr A M, Pittilo R M, Lewis A AM, et al. Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: multifocal gastrointestinal infarction. Lancet 1989; 2: 1057–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield A J, Sawyerr A M, Hudson M, Dhillon A P, Pounder R E. Smoking, the oral contraceptive pill, and Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 1147–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wakefield A J, Sankey E A, Dhillon A P, Sawyerr A M, More L, Sim R, et al. Granulomatous vasculitis in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1279–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller B, Goldstein G, Murphy M, Ginns L C. Reversible alterations in immunoregulatory T cells in smoking; analysis by monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. Chest 1982; 82: 526–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope G F, Heatly R V, Kelleher J K. Smoking and colonic mucus in ulcerative colitis. Br Med J 1986; 293: 481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tardif J, Borgeat P, Laviolette M. Inhibition of human alveolar macrophage production of leukotriene B4 by acute in vitro and in vivo exposure to tobacco smoke. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 1990; 2: 155–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi E, Okazi N, Itoh A, Abe S, Kawakami Y, Okuyama H. Interleukin-1 production by alveolar macrophages is decreased in smokers. Am Rev Resp Dis 1989; 140: 397–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble R C, Penny B B. Comparison of leucocyte count and function in smoking and non-smoking young men. Infect Immun 1975; 12: 550–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava E D, Barton J R, O'Mahony S, Phillips D I, Williams G T, Matthews N, et al. Smoking, humoral immunity, and ulcerative colitis. Gut 1991; 32: 1016–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crotty B. Ulcerative colitis and xenobiotic metabolism. Lancet 1994; 343: 35–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachmilewitz D. Inflammatory bowel disease: concept or puzzel. Perspectives in gastroenterology, current facts and future trends, K H Meyer zum Büschenfelder, C Paumgartner, J Schölmerich. Urban & Schwartzenberg, Munich 1995; 97–9
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan S N. Hypothesis revisited: toothpaste and the cause of Crohn's disease. Lancet 1990; 336: 1096–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toothpaste and Crohn's disease [letter]. Lancet 1990; 336: 1580–2, Anonymous
   Google Scholar
• Toothpaste and Crohn's disease [letter]. Lancet 1990; 336: 1382, Anonymous
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutgeerts P, D'Haens G, Hiele M, Geboes K, Vantrappen G. Appendectomy protects against ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1251–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg E, Järnerot G. The incidence of Crohn's disease is not decreasing in Sweden. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 495–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tysk C, Järnerot G. Ulcerative proctocolitis in Orebro, Sweden. A retrospective epidemiologic study, 1963–1987. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 945–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee F I, Nguyen-Van-Tam S. Prospective study of incidence of Crohn's disease in northwest England: no increase since the late 1970's. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6: 27–31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose J D, Roberts G M, Williams G, Mayberry J F, Rhodes J. Cardiff Crohn's disease jubilee: the incidence over 50 years. Gut 1988; 29: 346–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shivananda S, Pena A S, Nap M, Weterman I T, Mayberry J F, Ruitenberg E J, et al. Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in Regio Leiden, The Netherlands. A population study from 1979 to 1983. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 966–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown J S, Humphreys W G, Parks T G. Some clinical aspects of Crohn's disease in Northern Ireland: an aid to earlier diagnosis? [see comments]. J R Coll Gen Pract 1988; 38: 549–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russel M GVM, Brummer R, Limonard C, Dorant E, Stockbrugger R. Incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in South Limburg, The Netherlands. Neth J Med 1994; 45: A32
   Google Scholar
• Gower Rousseau C, Salomez J L, Dupas J L, Marti R, Nuttens M C, Votte A, et al. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in northern France (1988–1990). Gut 1994; 35: 1433–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goebell H, Dirks E, Förster S, Strey B, Quebe-Fehling E. A prospective analysis of the incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease in an urban population in Germany. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6: 1039–46
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirks E, Forster S, Thom M, Quebe Fehling E, Goebell H. Prospektive Untersuchung von Inzidenz und Pravalenz der Colitis ulcerosa in einer Grossstadtbevolkerung in Deutschland (Westliches Ruhrgebiet). Z Gastroenterol 1994; 32: 332–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trallori G, D'Albasio G, Palli D, Bardazzi G, Cipriani F, Frittelli G, et al. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease over a 10-year period in Florence (1978–1987). Ital J Gastroenterol 1991; 23: 559–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delcore R, Eisenach J B, Payne K M, Bhatia P, Forster J. Risk of occult carcinomas in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease secondary to primary sclerosing cholangitis. Transplant Proc 1993; 25: 1883–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baron T H, Truss C D, Elson C O. Low-dose oral methotrexate in refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1851–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsianos E V, Masalas C N, Merkouropoulos M, Dalekos G N, Logan R F. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in north west Greece: rarity of Crohn's disease in an area where ulcerative colitis is common. Gut 1994; 35: 369–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odes H S, Fraser D, Krawiec J. Ulcerative colitis in the Jewish population of southern Israel 1961–1985: epidemiological and clinical study. Gut 1987; 28: 1630–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollop J H, Phillips S F, Melton L J, Zinsmeister A R. Epidemiologic aspects of Crohn's disease: a population based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1943–1982. Gut 1988; 29: 49–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar