Vagal Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine System

References

• Tepperman B L, Walsh J H, Preshaw R M. Effect of antral denervation on gastrin release by sham feeding and insulin hypoglycemia in dogs. Gastroenterology 1972; 63: 973–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szafran H, Slowiaczek M, Popiela T, Bielanski W, Konturek S J. Gastric acid, gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide responses to modified sham feeding in duodenal ulcer patients before and after highly selective or truncal vagotomy. Mater Med Pol 1990; 2: 59–67
   Google Scholar
• Csendes A, Walsh J H, Grossman M I. Effects of atropine and of antral acidification on gastrin and acid secretion in response to insulin and feeding in dogs. Gastroenterology 1972; 63: 257–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debas H T, Hollinshead J, Seal A, Soon‐Shiong P, Walsh J H. Vagal control of gastrin release in the dog: pathways for stimulation and inhibition. Surgery 1984; 95: 34–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzman S, Chayvialle J A, Banks W A, Rayford P L, Thompson J C. Effect of vagal stimulation on pancreatic secretion and on blood levels of gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin. Surgery 1979; 86: 329–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishi S, Seino Y, Takemura J, Ishida H, Seno M, Chiba T, et al. Vagal regulation of GRP, gastric somatostatin, and gastrin secretion in vitro. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: E425–31
   Google Scholar
• Hirschowitz B I, Gibson R G. Augmented vagal release of antral gastrin by 2‐deoxyglucose after fundic vagotomy in dogs. Am J Physiol 1976; 236: E173–9
   Google Scholar
• Hirschowitz B I, Gibson R G. Cholinergic stimulation and suppression of gastrin release in gastric fistula dogs. Am J Physiol 1978; 235: E720–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulholland M W, Debas H T. Physiology and pathophysiology of gastrin: a review. Surgery 1988; 103: 135–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varner A A, Modlin I M, Walsh J H. A high potency of bombesin for stimulation of human gastrin release and gastric acid secretion. Regul Pept 1981; 1: 289–96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirshowitz B I, Tim L O, Helman C A, Molina E. Bombesin and G‐17 dose responses in duodenal ulcer and controls. Dig Dis Sci 1985; 30: 1092–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert M L, Saffouri B, Walsh J H, Makhlouf G M. Inhibition of neurally mediated gastrin secretion by bombesin antiserum. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: G452–62
   Google Scholar
• Dockray G J, Tracy H J. Atropine does not abolish cephalic vagal stimulation of gastrin release in dogs. J Physiol (Lond) 1980; 306: 473–80
   Google Scholar
• Håkanson R, Vallgren S, Ekelund M, Rehfeld J F, Sundler F. The vagus exerts trophic control of the stomach in the rat. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 28–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollinshead J W, Debas H T, Yamada T, Elashoff J, Osadchey B, Walsh J H. Hypergastrinemia develops within 24 hours of truncal vagotomy in dogs. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 35–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelson J, Ekelund M, Håkanson R, Sundler F. Gastrin and the vagus interact in the trophic control of the rat oxyntic mucosa. Regul Pept 1988; 22: 237–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inman L, Lee S K, Shah I A, Thirlby R C, Feldman M. Effect of truncal vagotomy on parietal cell mass and antral gastrin cell mass in dogs. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1581–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ami M, Doi R, Inoue K, Rayford P L. The influence of vagotomy on basal and postprandial pancreatic secretion and plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones in conscious rats. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993; 177: 577–82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schrumpf E, Roland M, Liavåg I. Serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion before and after proximal gastric vagotomy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1974; 9: 115–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman M, Dickerman R M, McClelland R N, Cooper K A, Walsh J H, Richardson C T. Effect of selective proximal vagotomy on food‐stimulated gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in patients with duodenal ulcer. Gastroenterology 1979; 76: 926–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjövall M, Lindstedt G, Olbe L, Lundell L. Effect of parietal cell vagotomy and cholinergic blockade on gastrin release in man induced by gastrin‐releasing peptide. Digestion 1990; 46: 114–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boné J, Brandsborg O, Brandsborg M, Løvgreen N A, Mikkelsen K. Antral vagotomy in parietal cell vagotomized dogs with a Heineke‐Mikulicz pyloroplasty. Effect upon gastric emptying and motility, serum gastrin concentration, and Heidenhain pouch acid secretion. Digestion 1978; 17: 526–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S K, Thirlby R C, Thompson W, Walsh J H, Feldman M. Acute effect of experimental truncal vagotomy on serum gastrin concentrations. Ann Surg 1990; 211: 136–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magallanes F, Quigley T M, Mulholland M W, Bonsack M, Delaney J P. Antral proliferation of G cells after truncal, parietal cell, and antral vagotomy. J Surg Res 1982; 32: 377–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holle G E, Auerbach U, Höck H, Holle F. Changes of cell population in the antrum after selective proximal vagotomy and pyloroplasty in gastroduodenal ulcer. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1985; 160: 211–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holle G E, Buck E, Pradayrol L, Wunsch E, Holle F. Behaviour of somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells in the gastric mucosa before and after selective proximal vagotomy and pyloroplasty in treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 736–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zdon M J, Lewis J J, Adrian T E, Modlin I M. Hypergastrinemia after vagotomy is not associated with decreased gastric somatostatin. Surgery 1989; 106: 1074–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami S, Nakayama T, Uchida Y. Alteration of gastrin‐producing cells in rat antral mucosa after truncal vagotomy. Acta Pathol Jpn 1988; 38: 841–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulholland M W, Bonsack M, Delaney J P. Proliferation of gastric endocrine cells after vagotomy in the rat. Endocrinology 1985; 117: 1578–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimoto S, Hattori T, Kimoto K, Yamashita S, Fujita S, Kawai K. Tritiated thymidine autoradiographic study on origin and renewal of gastrin cells in antral area of hamsters. Gastroenterology 1980; 79: 785–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uvnäs‐Moberg K. Release of gastrointestinal peptides in response to vagal activation induced by electrical stimulation, feeding and suckling. J Auton Nerv Syst 1983; 9: 141–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glaser B, Vinik A I, Valtysson G, Zoghlin G. Truncal vagotomy abolishes the somatostatin response to insulin‐induced hypoglycemia in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981; 52: 823–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahren B, Paquette T L, Taborsky G J, Jr. Effect and mechanism of vagal nerve stimulation on somatostatin secretion in dogs. Am J Physiol 1986; 250: E212–7
   Google Scholar
• Björck S, Fahrenkrug J, Jivegard L, Svanvik J. Release of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from the gallbladder in response to vagal stimulation. Acta Physiol Scand 1986; 128: 639–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holst J J, Fahrenkrug J, Knuhtsen S, Jensen S L, Nielsen O V, Lundberg J M, et al. VIP and PHI in the pig pancreas: coexistence, corelease, and cooperative effects. Am J Physiol 1987; 252: G182–9
   Google Scholar
• Yasui A, Naruse S, Yanaihara C, Ozaki T, Hoshino M, Mochizuki T, et al. Corelease of PHI and VIP by vagal stimulation in the dog. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: G13–9
   Google Scholar
• Deloof S, Croix D, Tramu G. The role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the inhibition of antral and pyloric electrical activity in rabbits. J Auton Nerv Syst 1988; 22: 167–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ito S, Ohga A, Ohta T. Gastric vasodilatation and vasoactive intestinal peptide output in response to vagal stimulation in the dog. J Physiol (Lond) 1988; 404: 669–82
   Google Scholar
• Ipp E, Dobbs R E, Unger R H. Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates pancreatic somatostatin release. FEBS Lett 1978; 90: 76–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba T, Taminato T, Kadowaki S, Inoue Y, Mori K, Seino Y, et al. Effects of glucagon, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on gastric somatostatin and gastrin release from isolated perfused rat stomach. Gastroenterology 1980; 79: 67–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert M L, Bitar K N, Makhlouf G M. Regulation of gastrin and somatostatin secretion by cholinergic and noncholinergic intramural neurons. Am J Physiol 1982; 243: G442–7
   Google Scholar
• Holst J J, Knuhtsen S, Orskov C, Skak‐Nielsen T, Poulsen S, Nielsen O V. GRP‐producing nerves control antral somatostatin and gastrin secretion in pigs. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: G767–74
   Google Scholar
• Skak‐Nielsen T, Holst J J, Nielsen O V. Role of gastrin‐releasing peptide in the neural control of pepsinogen secretion from the pig stomach. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 1216–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst J J. Differences in control of somatostatin release from antrum and fundus. The stomach as an endocrine organ, R Håkanson, F Sundler. Fernström Foundation Series, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1991; vol 15: 139–149
   Google Scholar
• Uvnäs‐Moberg K, Alino S. Vagal and HCl‐induced release of somatostatin and gastrin into the gastric lumen of rats. The stomach as an endocrine organ, R Håkanson, F Sundler. Fernström Foundation Series, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1991; vol 15: 151–63
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh C, Pederson R, Müller M, Brown J. Autonomic nervous control of gastric somatostatin secretion from the perfused rat stomach. Life Sci 1981; 29: 1477–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst J J, Jensen S L, Knuhtsen S, Nielsen O V. Autonomic nervous control of pancreatic somatostatin secretion. Am J Physiol 1983; 245: E542–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst J J, Jensen S L, Knuhtsen S, Nielsen O V, Rehfeld J F. Effect of vagus, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and HCl on gastrin and somatostatin release from perfused pig antrum. Am J Physiol 1983; 244: G515–22
   Google Scholar
• Uvnäs‐Wallensten K, Efendic S, Roovete A, Johansson C. Decreased release of somatostatin into the portal vein following electrical vagal stimulation in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 1980; 109: 393–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adrian T E, Bloom S R, Edwards A V. Neuroendocrine responses to stimulation of the vagus nerves in bursts in conscious calves. J Physiol (Lond) 1983; 344: 25–35
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez‐Castaner M, Webb S, Levy I, Rios M, Casamitjana R, Bergua M, et al. Somatostatin and counterregulatory hormone responses to hypoglycaemia in diabetics with and without autonomic neuropathy. Diabete Metab 1985; 11: 81–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binimelis J, Webb S M, Monés J, Serrano J, Casamitjana R, Elena M, et al. Circulating immunoreactive somatostatin in gastrointestinal disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 931–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woussen‐Colle M C, Lalieu C, Simoens C, De Graef J. Effect of vagotomy and atropine on plasma somatostatin response to a meal in conscious dogs. Regul Pept 1988; 21: 29–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zdon M J, Lewis J J, Adrian T E, Modlin I M. Decreased parietal cell secretory capacity following vagotomy and pyloroplasty. J Surg Res 1989; 46: 490–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schusdziarra V, Rouiller D, Harris V, Unger R H. Gastric and pancreatic release of somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity during the gastric phase of a meal: effects of truncal vagotomy and atropine in the anesthetized dog. Diabetes 1979; 8: 658–63
   Google Scholar
• Arnold R, Hülst M V, Neuhof C H, Schwarting H, Becker H D, Creutzfeldt W. Antral gastrin‐producing G‐cells and somatostatin‐producing D‐cells in different states of acid secretion. Gut 1982; 23: 285–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koop H, Frank M, Kuly S, et al. Gastric argyrophil (enterochromaffin‐like), gastrin, and somatostatin cells after proximal selective vagotomy in man. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 295–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimoda H, Yokoyoma S, Nakayama I, Hadama T, Uchida Y. The proliferative kinetics of somatostatin‐producing cells in the rat antral mucosa after truncal vagotomy. Surg Today 1992; 22: 339–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soloman T E, Grossman M I. Cholecystokinin and secretin release are not affected by vagotomy or atropine. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 1134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chey W Y, Kim M S, Lee K Y. Influence of the vagus nerve on release and action of secretin in dog. J Physiol (Lond) 1979; 293: 435–46
   Google Scholar
• Niebel W, Singer M V, Hanssen L E, Goebell H. Effect of atropine on pancreatic bicarbonate output and plasma concentrations of immunoreactive secretin in response to intraduodenal stimulants. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983; 18: 803–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niebel W, Beglinger C, Singer M V. Pancreatic bicarbonate response to HCl before and after cutting the extrinsic nerves of the pancreas in dogs. Am J Physiol 1988; 254: G436–43
   Google Scholar
• Moreland H J, Johnson L R. Effect of vagotomy on pancreatic secretion stimulated by endogenous and exogenous secretin. Gastroenterology 1971; 60: 425–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konturek S J, Becker H D, Thompson J C. Effect of vagotomy on hormones stimulating pancreatic secretion. Arch Surg 1974; 108: 704–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dreiling D A, Druckerman L J, Hollander F. The effect of complete vagisection and vagal stimulation on pancreatic secretion in man. Gastroenterology 1952; 20: 578–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen F W. Effect of vagotomy or atropine on the canine pancreatic response to secretin and pancreozymin. Scand J Gastroenterol 1969; 4: 137–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer M V, Soloman T E, Grossman M I. Effect of atropine on secretion from intact and transplanted pancreas in dog. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: G18–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singer M V, Soloman T E, Rammert H, Caspary W, Niebel W, Goebell H, et al. Effect of atropine on pancreatic response to HCl and secretin. Am J Physiol 1981; 240: G376–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer M V, Niebel W, Elashoff J, Grossman M I. Dose basal cholinergic activity potentiate exogenous secretin for stimulation of pancreatic bicarbonate output in dogs?. Digestion 1982; 24: 209–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer M V, Njebel W, Uhde K H, Hoffmeister D, Goebell H. Dose‐response effects of atropine on pancreatic response to secretin before and after truncal vagotomy. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: G532–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer M V, Niebel W, Kniesburges S, Hoffmeister D, Goebell H. Action of atropine on the pancreatic secretory response to secretin before and after cutting the extrinsic nerves of the pancreas in dogs. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 355–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee D F, Fragola L A, White T T. Influence of parasympathetic innervation on the volume of pancreatic juice. Ann Surg 1965; 161: 15–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor P, Holst J J, Knuhtsen S, Rehfeld J F. The effect of vagal stimulation on the release of cholecystokinin in anesthetized pigs. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21: 1069–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C K, Lee K Y, Wang T, Sun G, Chang T M, Chey W Y. Role of endogenous cholecystokinin on vagally stimulated pancreatic secretion in dogs. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: G944–9
   Google Scholar
• Lewis L D, Williams J A. Regulation of cholecystokinin secretion by food, hormones, and neural pathways in the rat. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: G512–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosotani R, Chowdhury P, Huang Y S, Rayford P L. Neural mechanism of pancreatic polypeptide release in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: G134–7
   Google Scholar
• Schafmayer A, Nuestede R, Pompino A, Köhler H. Vagal influence on cholecystokinin and on neurotensin release in conscious dogs. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 315–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järhult J, Graffner H, Bloom S R. The influence of modified sham feeding on plasma polypeptide (CCK, gastrin, motilin, neurotensin and somatostatin) concentrations in duodenal ulcer disease. Acta Chir Scand 1984; 150: 141–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konturek S J, Tasler J, Cieszkowski M, Szewczyk K, Hladij M. Effect of cholecystokinin receptor antagonist on pancreatic responses to endogenous gastrin and cholecystokinin and to meal stimuli. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 1014–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debas H T, Konturek S J, Grossman M I. Effect of extragastric and truncal vagotomy on pancreatic secretion in the dog. Am J Physiol 1975; 228: 1172–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fried G M, Ogden W D, Greeley G, Thompson J C. Correlation of release and actions of cholecystokinin in dogs before and after vagotomy. Surgery 1983; 93: 786–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer M V, Niebel W, Jansen J B M J, Hoffmeister D, Gotthold S, Goebell H, et al. Pancreatic secretory response to intravenous caerulein and intraduodenal tryptophan studies: before and after stepwise removal of the extrinsic nerves of the pancreas in dogs. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 925–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masclee A A M, Jansen J B M J, Driessen W M M, Geuskens L M, Lamers C B H W. Effect of truncal vagotomy on cholecystokinin release, gallbladder contraction, and gallbladder sensitivity to cholecystokinin in humans. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1338–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundell L, Cantor P, Sjövall M, Rehfeld J F, Olbe L. Factors influencing the release of cholecystokinin induced by gastrin‐releasing peptide in man. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 544–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler G, Beglinger C, Braun U, Reinshagen M, Koop I, Schafmayer A, et al. Interaction of the cholinergic system and cholecystokinin in the regulation of endogenous and exogenous stimulation of pancreatic secretion in humans. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 537–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon T E, Grossman M I. Effect of atropine and vagotomy on response of transplanted pancreas. Am J Physiol 1979; 236: E186–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maton P N, Selden A C, Chadwick V S. Atropine inhibits meal stimulated release of cholecystokinin. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19: 831–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson C D, Chayvialle J A, Devaux M A, Sarles H. Neural pathways for the release of gastrin, cholecystokinin, and pancreatic polypeptide after a meal in dogs: role of gastric and splanchnic nerves. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 12: 1361–9
   Google Scholar
• Fried G M, Ogden W D, Fagan C J, Inoue K, Greeley G, Thompson J C. Plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Surgery 1984; 95: 27–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopman W P M, Jansen J B M J, Lamers C B H W. Plasma cholecystokinin response to a liquid fat meal in vagotomized patients. Ann Surg 1984; 200: 693–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wormsley K G. The effect of vagotomy on the human pancreatic response to direct and indirect stimulation. Scand J Gastroenterol 1972; 7: 85–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malagelada J R, Go V L W, Summerskill W H J. Altered pancreatic and biliary function after vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Gastroenterology 1974; 66: 22–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konturek S J, Radecki T, Biernat J, Thor P. Effect of vagotomy on pancreatic secretion evoked by endogenous and exogenous cholecystokinin and caerulein. Gastroenterology 1972; 63: 273–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thambugala R L, Baron J H. Pancreatic secretion after selective and truncal vagotomy in the dog. Br J Surg 1971; 58: 839–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Owyang C. Vagal afferent pathway mediates physiological action of cholecystokinin on pancreatic enzyme secretion. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 418–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Owyang C. Endogenous cholecystokinin stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion via vagal afferent pathway in rats. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 525–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz T W, Holst J J, Fahrenkrug J, Lindkaer Jensen S, Nielsen O V, Rehfeld J F, et al. Vagal, cholinergic regulation of pancreatic polypeptide secretion. J Clin Invest 1978; 61: 781–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang T, Uchida T, Gomez G, Lluis F, Thompson J C, Greeley G H, Jr. Neural regulation of peptide YY secretion. Regul Pept 1993; 48: 321–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bladin P H, Shulkes A, Fletcher D R, Hardy K J. Elevation of plasma gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide by electrical vagal stimulation in sheep: effects of sequential stimulation. Regul Pept 1983; 6: 89–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor I L, Impicciatore M, Carter D C, Walsh J H. Effect of atropine and vagotomy on pancreatic polypeptide response to a meal in dogs. Am J Physiol 1978; 235: E443–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jonung M, Jonung T, Chen M H, Murphy R F, Joffe S N. Effect of extragastric vagotomy on pancreatic polypeptide in dogs. Digestion 1984; 29: 103–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg G R, Chan B, Nordgren S R, Alleyne J. Effect of vagal blockade on food‐ and hormone‐stimulated release of pancreatic polypeptide and motilin in dogs. Dig Dis Sci 1985; 30: 946–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niebel W, Eysselein V E, Singer M V. Pancreatic polypeptide response to a meal before and after cutting the extrinsic nerves of the upper gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas in the dog. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32: 1004–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz T W, Rehfeld J F, Stadil F, Larsson L ‐I, Chance R E, Moon N. Pancreatic polypeptide response to food in duodenal ulcer patients before and after vagotomy. Lancet 1976; 1: 1102–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossdorf T, Wagner M, Hoppe H W. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) response to food in type I diabetics with and without diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Hepatogastroenterology 1988; 35: 238–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guzman S, Lonovics J, Devitt P G, Hejtmancik K E, Rayford P L, Thompson J C. Hormone‐stimulated release of pancreatic polypeptide before and after vagotomy in dogs. Am J Physiol 1981; 240: G114–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adrian T E, Bloom S R, Besterman H S, et al. Mechanism of pancreatic polypeptide release in man. Lancet 1977; 1: 161–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor I L, Feldman M, Richardson C T, Walsh J H. Gastric and cephalic stimulation of human pancreatic polypeptide release. Gastroenterology 1978; 75: 432–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz T W, Stenquist B, Olbe L. Cephalic phase of pancreatic polypeptide secretion studied by sham feeding in man. Scand J Gastroenterol 1979; 14: 313–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried G M, Ogden W D, Greeley G H, Jr, Thompson J C. Physiologic role of cholecystokinin in the intestinal phase of pancreatic polypeptide release. Ann Surg 1984; 200: 600–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshiya K, Yamamura T, Ishikawa Y, Utsunomiya J, Mori K, Tsuda K, et al. Effect of truncal vagotomy on intestinal phase of pancreatic polypeptide release in dogs. Regul Pept 1985; 11: 143–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujimura M, Khalil T, Sakamoto T, Greeley G H, Jr, Townsend C M, Jr, Thompson J C. Intestinal phase of pancreatic polypeptide release: the effect of segmental perfusion of the small intestine with various secretagogues. Pancreas 1990; 5: 183–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modlin I M, Albert D, Sank A, Materia A, Jaffe B M. Bombesin and insulin‐stimulated pancreatic polypeptide release as a discriminator of vagal integrity. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983; 156: 729–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malesci A, Montorsi M, Bonato C, Rosati R, Bersani M, Bona S, et al. Pancreatic polypeptide response to food and cerulein in patients with total gastrectomy. Pancreas 1989; 4: 538–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser B, Vinik A I, Sive A A, Floyd J C, Jr. Plasma human pancreatic polypeptide responses to administered secretin: effects of surgical vagotomy, cholinergic blockade, and chronic pancreatitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 50: 1094–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemoyne M, Wassef R, Tasse D, Trudel L, Poitras P. Motilin and the vagus in dogs. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1984; 62: 1092–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee K Y, Chang T M, Chey W Y. Effect of electrical stimulation of the vagus on plasma motilin concentration in dog. Life Sci 1981; 29: 1093–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You C H, Chey W Y, Lee K Y. Studies on plasma motilin concentration and interdigestive motility of the duodenum in humans. Gastroenterology 1980; 79: 62–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chey W Y, Lee K Y, Tai H H. Endogenous plasma motilin concentration and interdigestive myoelectric activity of the canine duodenum. Gut hormones, S R Bloom. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 355–8
   Google Scholar
• Christofides N D, Sarson D L, Alburquerque R H, Adrian T E, Ghatei M A, Modlin I M, et al. Release of gastrointestinal hormones following an oral water load. Experientia 1979; 35: 1521
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christofides N D, Bloom S R. Motilin. Gut hormones2nd ed., S R Bloom, J M Polak. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1981; 273–9
   Google Scholar
• Funakoshi A, Glowniak J, Owyang C, Vinik A I. Evidence for cholinergic and vagal noncholinergic mechanisms modulating plasma motilin‐like immunoreactivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 54: 1129–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshiya K, Yamamura T, Ishikawa Y. The failure of truncal vagotomy to affect motilin release in dogs. J Surg Res 1985; 38: 263–6, and next four names, please!
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knuhtsen S, Holst J J, Jensen S L, Knigge U, Nielsen O V. Gastrin‐releasing peptide: effect on exocrine secretion and release from isolated perfused porcine pancreas. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: G281–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knuhtsen S, Holst J J, Baldissera F G, Skak‐Nielsen T, Poulsen S S, Jensen S L, et al. Gastrin‐releasing peptide in the porcine pancreas. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 1153–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst J J, Knuhtsen S, Ørskov C, Skak‐Nielsen T, Poulsen S S, Jensen S L, et al. GRP nerves in pig antrum: role of GRP in vagal control of gastrin secretion. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: G643–9
   Google Scholar
• Ekblad E, Ekelund M, Graffner H, Håkanson R, Sundler F. Peptide‐containing nerve fibers in the stomach wall of rat and mouse. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 73–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back N, Ahonen M, Happola O, Kivilaakso E, Kiviluoto T. Effect of vagotomy on expression of neuropeptides and histamine in rat oxyntic mucosa. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 353–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohneda A, Kobayashi T, Nihei J, Imamura M, Naito H, Tsuchiya T. Role of vagus nerve in secretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in dogs. Tohoku J Exp Med 1985; 147: 183–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshiya K, Yamamura T, Ishikawa Y, Utsunomiya J, Takemura J, Takeda J, et al. Effect of truncal vagotomy on GIP release induced by intraduodenal glucose or fat in dogs. Digestion 1985; 31: 41–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst J J, Fahrenkrug J, Knuhtsen S, Jensen S L, Poulsen S S, Nielsen O V. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the pig pancreas: role of VIPergic nerves in control of fluid and bicarbonate secretion. Regul Pept 1984; 8: 245–59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ito S, Ohga A, Ohta T. Gastric relaxation and vasoactive intestinal peptide output in response to reflex vagal stimulation in dog. J Physiol (Lond) 1988; 404: 683–93
   Google Scholar
• Uvnäs‐Moberg K, Goiny M, Blomquist L E, Elwin C E. Release of VIP‐like immunoreactivity in response to dopamine agonists, insulin hypoglycemia and feeding in conscious dogs. Peptides 1984; 5: 399–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huchtebrock H J, Niebel W, Singer M V, Forssmann W G. Intrinsic pancreatic nerves after mechanical denervation of the extrinsic pancreatic nerves in dogs. Pancreas 1991; 6: 1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El‐Salhy M, Grimelius L, Wilander E, et al. Immunocytochemical identification of polypeptide YY (PYY) cells in the human gastrointestinal tract. Histochemistry 1983; 77: 15–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheikh S P, Holst J J, Ørskov C, Ekman R, Schwartz T W. Release of PYY from pig intestinal mucosa; luminal and neural regulation. Regul Pept 1989; 26: 253–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang T, Sumi S, Thompson J C, Greeley G H, Jr. Release of peptide‐YY from the dog pancreas. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 2025–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grönstad K O, Ahlman H, Nilsson O, Dahlström A, Florence L, Zinner M J, et al. The influence of cholinergic and adrenergic blockade on portal release of substance P in the cat. J Surg Res 1985; 39: 316–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grönstad K, Dahlström A, Florence L, Zinner M J, Ahlman J, Jaffe B M. Regulatory mechanism in endoluminal release of serotonin and substance P from feline jejunum. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32: 393–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furness J B, Lloyd K C, Sternini C, Walsh J H. Evidence that myenteric neurons of the gastric corpus project to both the mucosa and the external muscle: myectomy operations on canine stomach. Cell Tissue Res 1991; 266: 475–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messell T, Dunning B E, Sheikh S, Holst J J. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), but not galanin, are autonomic cotransmitters in porcine pancreas. Int J Pancreatol 1991; 10: 133–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eaves E R, Hansky J, Korman M G. The effect of atropine and vagal stimulation on the release of neurotensin‐like immuno‐reactivity in man. Regul Pept 1985; 11: 1–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bladin P H, Fletcher D R, Shulkes A, Hardy K J. The vagus and neurotensin release in duodenal ulcer: clinical and experimental studies. Aust N J Surg 1987; 57: 661–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshiya K, Kishimoto T, Kusuhara K, Ishikawa Y, Utsunomiya J. Effect of truncal vagotomy on neurotensin‐like immunoreactivity release in dogs. Gastroenterol Jpn 1985; 20: 197–200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holst J J. Gut glucagon, enteroglucagon, gut glucagonlike immunoreactivity, glicentin: current status. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 1602–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson J P S, Bloom S R. Plasma enteroglucagon and plasma volume change after gastric surgery. Clin Sci Mol Med 1976; 51: 177–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar