Infections Associated with Biliary Drains

References

• Edlund Y A, Mollstedt B D, Ouchterlony O. Bacteriological investigation of the biliary system and liver in biliary tract disease correlated to clinical data and microstructure of the gall bladder and liver. Acta Chir Scand 1959; 116: 461–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott A J. Bacteria and disease of the biliary tract. Gut 1971; 12: 487–92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Csendes A, Fernandez M, Uribe P. Bacteriology of the gallbladder bile in normal subjects. Am J Surg 1975; 129: 629–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Løveit T. Bacterial infections of the liver and biliary tract. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983; 18(Suppl 85)33–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wells G R, Taylor E W, Lindsay G, Morton L, the West of Scotland Surgical Infection Study Group. Relationship between bile colonization, high‐risk factors and postoperative sepsis in patients undergoing biliary tract operations while receiving a prophylactic antibiotic. Br J Surg 1989; 76: 374–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brook I. Aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of biliary disease. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 2373–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dineen P. The importance of the route of infection in experimental biliary obstruction. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1964; 119: 1001–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen M L. Route of infection in extrahepatic biliary tract disease. I. Experimental evidence against an entero‐hepatic‐biliary cycle of bacteria. Scand J Gastroenterol 1976; 10(Suppl 37)11–6
   Google Scholar
• Ong G B. A study of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. Arch Surg 1962; 84: 199–225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orloff M J, Peskin G W, Ellis H L. A bacteriologic study of human portal blood. Ann Surg 1956; 148: 738–46
   Google Scholar
• Schatten W E, Desprez J D, Holden W D. A bacteriologic study of portal‐vein blood in man. Arch Surg 1955; 71: 404–9
   Google Scholar
• Nolan J P. Bacteria and the liver. N Engl J Med 1978; 299: 1069–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung J Y, Shaffer E A, Olson M E, Leung J W C, Lam K, Costerton J W. Bacterial invasion of the biliary system by way of the portal‐venous system. Hepatology 1991; 14: 313–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosseland A R, Midtvedt T, Aasen A O. Gallbladder and duodenal bacterial flora after papillotomy in rabbits. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982; 17: 785–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregg J A, Girolami P D, Carr‐Lock D L. Effects of sphincteroplasty and endoscopic sphincterotomy on the bacteriologic characteristics of the common bile duct. Am J Surg 1985; 149: 668–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson R M. Normal bacterial populations of the intestine and their relation to intestinal function. N Engl J Med 1964; 270: 938–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thadepalli H, Lou S M A, Bach V T, Matsui T K, Mandal A K. Microflora of the human small intestine. Am J Surg 1979; 138: 845–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landor J H, Fulkerson C C. Duodenal diverticula. Relationship to biliary tract disease. Arch Surg 1966; 93: 182–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eggert A, Teichmann W, Wittmann D H. The pathologic implication of duodenal diverticula. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1982; 154: 62–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Løtveit T, Osnes M, Aune S, Larsen S. Studies of the choledochoduodenal sphincter in patients with and without juxta‐papillary duodenal diverticula. Scand J Gastroenterol 1980; 15: 875–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Løtveit T, Foss O P, Osnes M C. Biliary pigment and cholesterol calculi in patients with and without juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981; 16: 241–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Løtveit T, Osnes M, Larsen S. Recurrent biliary calculi. Duodenal diverticula as a predisposing factor. Ann Surg 1982; 196: 30–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geoghegan J G, Branch M S, Costerton J W, Pappas T N, Cotton P B. Biliary stent occlude earlier if the distal tip is in the duodenum in dogs. Gastrointest Endosc 1991; 37: 257–61
   Google Scholar
• Sung J Y, Leung J W C, Shaffer E A, Lam K, Olson M E, Costerton J W. Ascending infection of the biliary tract after surgical sphincterotomy and biliary stenting. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1992; 7: 240–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorairajan N. Infective complications of biliary surgery. HPB Surg 1992, 5 Suppl: 106
   Google Scholar
• Keighley M R B, Lister D M, Jacobs S I, Giles G R. Hazards of surgical treatment due to microorganisms in the bile. Surgery 1974; 75: 578–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson U, Evander A, Ihse I, Lunderquist A, Mocibob A. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage. Acta Radiol 1983; 24: 433–9
   Google Scholar
• Soehendra N, Reynders‐Frederix V. Palliative bile duct drainage—a new endoscopic method of introducing a transpapilliary drain. Endoscopy 1980; 12: 8–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huibregtse K, Katon R M, Tytgat G N J. Endoscopic treatment of postoperative biliary strictures. Endoscopy 1986; 18: 133–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huibregtse K, Katon R M, Coene P P, Tytgat G N J. Endoscopic palliative treatment in pancreatic cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 1986; 32: 334–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton P B, Forbes A, Leung J W C, Dineen L. Endoscopic stenting for long‐term treatment of large bile duct stones: 2‐ to 5‐year follow up. Gastrointest Endosc 1987; 33: 411–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponchon T, Gallez J F, Valette P J, Chavaillon A, Boty R. Endoscopic treatment of biliary tract fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc 1989; 35: 490–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cotton P B. Management of malignant bile duct obstruction. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990, Suppl 1: 63–77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Speer A G, Cotton P B, Rode J, Seddon A M, Neal C R, Holton J, et al. Biliary stent blockage with bacterial biofilm. a light and electron microscopy study. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 546–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coene P P L O, Groen A K, Cheng J, Out M M J, Tytgat G N J, Huibregtse K. Clogging of biliary endoprostheses: a new perspective. Gut 1990; 31: 913–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowidar N, Kolmos H J, Lyon H, Matzen P. Clogging of biliary endoprostheses. A morphologic and bacteriologic study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 1137–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowidar N, Moesgaard F, Matzen P. Clogging and other complications of endoscopic biliary endoprostheses. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 1132–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naggar E, Krag E, Matzen P. Endoscopically inserted biliary endoprostheses in malignant obstructive jaundice: a survey of the literature. Liver 1990; 10: 321–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickinson G M, Bisno A L. Infections associated with indwelling devices: concepts of pathogenesis; infections associated with intravascular devices. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 597–601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerlund B, Korhonen T K. Bacterial proteins binding to the mammalian extracellular matrix. Mol Microbiol 1993; 9: 687–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen G D, Simpson W A, Bisno A L, Beachey E H. Adherence of slime‐producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces. Infect Immun 1982; 37: 318–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govan J R W, Fyfe J A M. Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cystic fibrosis: resistance of the mucoid form to carbenicillin, flucloxacillin, tobramycin and the isolation of mucoid variants in vitro. J Antimicrobial Chemother 1978; 4: 233–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaudaux P E, Zulian G, Huggler E, Waldvogel F A. Attachment of Staphylococcus aureus to polymethylmethacrylate increases its resistance to phagocytosis in foreign body infection. Infect Immun 1985; 50: 472–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costerton J W, Watkins L. Adherence of bacteria to foreign bodies: the role of the biofilms. New surgical and medical approaches in infectious diseases, R K Root, D D Trunkey, M A Sande. Elsevier Press, New York 1987; 17–30
   Google Scholar
• Johnson G M, Lee D A, Regelmann W E, Gray E D, Peters G, Quie P G. Interference with granulocyte function by Staphylococcus epidermidis slime. Infect Immun 1986; 54: 13–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray E D, Peters G, Verstegen M, Regelmann W E. Effect of extracellular slime substance from Staphylococcus epidermidis on the human cellular immune response. Lancet 1984; 1: 365–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gristina A G. Biomaterial‐centered infection: microbial adhesion versus tissue integration. Science 1987; 237: 1588–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen G D, Baddour L M, Hasty D L, Lowrance J H, Simpson W A. Microbial and foreign body factors in the pathogenesis of medical device infections. Infection associated with indwelling medical devices, A L Bisno, F A Waldvogel. American Society of Microbiology Press, Washington, DC 1989; 41–59
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor M J, Allen J I, Vennes J A, McCarthy J B, Furcht L T. Protective effects of fibronectin in bile against biliary infection. Surg Forum 1984; 35: 122–4
   Google Scholar
• Wilton P B, Dalmasso A P, Allen M O. Complement in local biliary tract defense: dissociation between bile complement and acute phase reactants in cholecystitis. J Surg Res 1987; 42: 434–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fibronectin, D F Mosher. Academic Press, San Diego, CA 1989
   Google Scholar
• Tamkun J W, Hynes R O. Plasma fibronectin is synthesized and secreted by hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 4641–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul J I, Hynes R O. Multiple fibronectin subunits and their post‐translational modifications. J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 13477–13488
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chijiiwa K, Koga A, Yamasaki T, Shimada K, Noshiro H, Nakayama F. Fibronectin: a possible factor promoting cholesterol monohydrate crystallization in bile. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1086: 44–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miquel J F, von Ritter C, Pozo R D, Lange V, Jungst D, Paumgartner G. Fibronectin in human gallbladder bile: cholesterol pronucleatin and/or mucin ‘link’ protein. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: G393–400
   Google Scholar
• Yu J L, Ljungh Å, Andersson R, Jakab E, Bengmark S, Wadström T. Promotion of Escherichia coli adherence to rubber slices by adsorbed fibronectin. J Med Microbiol 1994; 41: 133–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu J L, Andersson R, Wang L Q, Bengmark S, Ljungh A. Fibronectin on the surface of biliary drain material—a role in bacterial adherence. J Surg Res 1995; 59: 596–600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu J L, Andersson R, Ljungh Å. Protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion to biliary drain materials. J Surg Res 1996, In press
   Google Scholar
• Kolb W P, Müller‐Eberhard H J. The membrane attachment mechanism of complement: isolation and subunit composition of the C5b‐complex. J Exp Med 1975; 141: 724–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes R. Preparation from human serum of an alpha‐on protein which induces the immediate growth of unadapted cells in vitro. J Cell Biol 1967; 32: 297–308
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preissner K T. Structure and biological role of vitronectin. Ann Rev Cell Biol 1991; 7: 275–310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnes D W, Silntzer J, See C, Shaffer M. Characterization of human serum spreading factor with monoclonal antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 1362–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Høgåsen K, Mollnes T E, Tschopp J, Harboe M. Quantitation of vitronectin and clusterin: pitfalls and solutions in enzyme immunoassay for adhesive proteins. J Immunol Methods 1993; 160: 107–15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conlan M G, Tomasini B R, Schultz R L, Mosher D. Plasma vitronectin polymorphism in normal subjects and patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood 1988; 72: 185–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl W R, Conlan M G, Thompson A B, Ertl R F, Romberger D J, Mosher D F, et al. Vitronectin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is increased in patients with interstitial lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 1369–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teschler H, Pohl W R, Thompson A B, Konietzko L, Mosher D F, Costabel U, et al. Elevated levels of bronchoalveolar lavage vitronectin in hypersensitivity pneumotitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 332–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayman E G, Pierschbacher M D, Oehgren Y, Ruoslahti E. Serum spreading factor (vitronectin) is present at the cell surface and in tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 4003–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhatwal G S, Preissner K T, Müller‐Berghaus G, Blobel H. Specific binding of the human S protein (vitronectin) to streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1987; 55: 1878–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadström T, Ljungh A, Flock J ‐I. Vitronectin binding surface proteins of staphylococci and Helicobacter pylori. Biology of vitronectins and their receptors, K T Preissner, S Rosenblatt, C Kost, J Wegerhoff, D F Mosher. Excepta Medica, Amsterdam 1993; 257–63
   Google Scholar
• Leung J W C, Ling T W K, Kung J L S, Vallance‐Owen J. The role of bacteria in the blockage of biliary stent. Gastrointest Endosc 1988; 34: 19–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowidar N, Kolmos H J, Matzen P. Experimental clogging of biliary endoprostheses: role of bacteria, endoprosthesis material, and design. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 77–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki T. Pathogenesis of calcium bilirubinate gallstones: role of E. coli, β‐glucuronidase and coagulation by inorganic ions, polyelectrolytes and agitation. Ann Surg 1966; 164: 90–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safrany L, Schrameyer B, Wosiewitz U. Analysis of causes of the occlusion of biliary stents. Gastrointest Endosc 1986; 32: 183A
   Google Scholar
• McAllister E W, Carey L C, Brady P G, Heller R, Kovacs S G. The role of polymeric surface smoothness of biliary stents in bacterial adherence, biofilm deposition, and stent occlusion. Gastrointest Endosc 1993; 39: 422–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen B, Goodman L P, Ruiten D. Bacterial adherence to hydrophilic polymer‐coated polyurethane stents. Gastrointest Endosc 1993; 39: 670–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit J M, Out M M J, Greon A K, Huibregtse K, Jansen P L M, van Marie J, et al. A placebo‐controlled study on the efficacy of aspirin and doxycycline in preventing clogging of biliary endoprostheses. Gastrointest Endosc 1989; 35: 485–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rey J F, Maupetit P, Greff M. Experimental study of biliary endoprosthesis efficiency. Endoscopy 1985; 17: 145–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheth N K, Rose H D, Franson T R, Buckmire F L, Sohnle P G. In vitro quantitative adherence of bacteria to intravascular catheters. J Surg Res 1983; 34: 213–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogt A H, Dankert J, de Vries A, Feijen J. Adhesion of coagulase‐negative staphylococci to biomaterials. J Gen Microbiol 1983; 129: 2959–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris J M, Martin L F. An in vitro study of the properties influencing Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion to prosthetic vascular graft material. Ann Surg 1987; 206: 612–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colburn M D, Moore W S, Chvapil M, Gelabert H A, Quinones‐Baldrich W J. Use of an antibiotic‐bonded graft for in situ reconstruction after prosthetic graft infections. J Vasc Surg 1992; 16: 651–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulsson M, Kober M, Freij‐Larsson C, Stollenwerk M, Wesslen B, Ljungh Å. Adhesion of staphylococci to chemically modified and native polymers, and the influence of preadsorbed fibronectin, vitronectin and fibrinogen. Biomaterials 1993; 14: 845–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugarman B, Musher D. Adherence of bacteria to suture materials. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1981; 167: 156–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludwicka A, Jansen B, Wadström T, Pulverer G. Attachment of staphylococci to various synthetic polymers. Zentralbl Bakteriol [A] 1984; 256: 479–89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coene P L O. Endoscopic biliary stenting. thesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1990
   Google Scholar
• Sawant A D, Gabriel M, Mayo M S, Aheam D G. Radiopacity additives in silicone stent materials reduce in vitro bacterial adherence. Current Microbiol 1991; 22: 285–92
   Google Scholar
• Leung J W C, Lau G T C, Sung J J Y, Costerton J W. Decreased bacterial adherence to silver‐coated stent material: an in vitro study. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38: 338–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishihara K, Oshida H, Endo Y, Watanabe A, Ueda T, Nakabayashi N. Effects of phospholipid adsorption on non‐thrombogenicity of polymer with phospholipid polar group. J Biomed Mater Res 1993; 27: 1309–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu J L, Andersson R, Ljungh Å, Wang L Q, Jakab E, Persson B G, et al. Reduction of E. coli adherence to rubber slices treated with phospholipids. APMIS 1993; 101: 582–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar