References
- Bardhan K D, Cust G, Hinchliffe R FC, Williamson F M, Lyon C, Bose K. Changing pattern of admissions and operations for duodenal ulcer. Br J Surg 1989; 76: 230–6
- Kurata J H, Elashoff J D, Haile B M, Honda GD. A reappraisal of time trends in ulcer disease: factors related to changes in ulcer hospitalization and mortality rates. Am J Publ Health 1983; 73: 1066–72
- Ohmann C, Thon K, Hengels K J, Imhof M, Düsuk Study Group. Incidence and pattern of peptic ulcer bleeding in a defined geographical area. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 571–81
- Somerville K W, Faulkner G, Langman M JS. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bleeding peptic ulcer. Lancet 1986; 1: 462–8
- Matthewson K, Pugh S, Northfield TC. Which peptic ulcers bleed. Gut 1988; 29: 70–5
- Rothman KJ. Modern epidemiology. Little, Brown and Co., New York 1986
- Dixon WJ. BMPD statistical software manual. Vol 2. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 1990
- Schlesselman JJ. Sample size requirements in cohort and case-control studies of disease. Am J Epidemiol 1974; 99: 381–4
- Fletcher R H, Fletcher S W, Wagner EH. Clinical epidemiology-the essentials. Williams, Baltimore, MD 1982
- Lorenz W, Ohmann C. Methodische Former) klinischer Studien in der Chirugie: Indikation und Bewertung. Chirurg 1983; 54: 189–96
- Wara P. Endoscopic management of the bleeding ulcer. Dan Med Bull 1986; 33: 1–9
- Ohmann C, Lorenz W, Stöltzing H, Thon K. Grundlagen der Risikoforschung in der Chirurgie: Definition Berechnung und klinische Anwendung auf das Problem der oberen Gastro-intestinalblutung. Chirurg 1987; 58: 344–51
- Lorenz W, Thon K, Ohmann C, Röher HD. Symptomloses und kompliziertes Ulcus pepticum als extreme Erscheinungsform der Ulcuskrankheit: Konsequenzen für die Wahl zwischen konservativer und chirurgischer Therapie. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1985; 366: 69–78
- Sackett DL. Bias in analytic research. J Chron Dis 1974; 32: 51–62
- Thon K, Ohmann C, Hengels K J, Imhof M, Röher HD, Düsuk study group. Peptic ulcer bleeding: medical and surgical point of view. Results of a prospective interdisciplinary multicenter observational study. Clin Invest 1992; 70: 1061–9
- Biour M, Blanquart A, Moore N, Grange J D, Amiot X, Levy V G. Incidence of NSAID-related severe gastrointestinal bleeding. Lancet 1987; 8: 340–5
- Bliss D W, Stabile BE. The impact of ulcerogenic drugs on surgery for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Arch Surg 1991; 126: 609–13
- Collier D SJ, Pain JA. Ulcer perforation in the elderly and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1986; 26: 971–6
- Glynn M J, Kane SP. Benign gastric ulceration in a health district: incidence and presentation. Postgrad Med J 1985; 61: 695–701
- Holvoet J, Terriere L, Van Hee H, Verbist L, Fierens E, Hautekeete ML. Relation of upper gastrointestinal bleeding to non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and aspirin: a case-control study. Gut 1991; 32: 730–6
- Levy M, Miller D R, Kaufman D W, Siskind V, Schwingl P, Rosenberg L. Major upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 218–25
- Armstrong C P, Blower AL. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and life-threatening complications of peptic ulceration. Gut 1987; 28: 527–32
- Belcon M C, Rooney P J, Tugwell P. Aspirin and gastrointestinal haemorrhage: a methodologic assessment. J Chron Dis 1985; 38: 101–5
- Griffin M R, Ray W A, Schaffner W. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and death from peptic ulcer in the elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 359–64
- Smedley F, Hickish T, Taube M, Leach R, Wastell C. Perforated duodenal ulcer and cigarette smoking. J R Soc Med 1986; 81: 92–7
- Breslow N E, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol. 1: Analysis of case-control studies. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 1980
- Cole A T, Brundell S, Hudson N, Hawthorne A B, Mahida Y R, Hawkey CJ. Ranitidine: differential effects on gastric bleeding and mucosal damage induced by aspirin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1992; 6: 707–12
- Penston J, Wormsley KG. Nine years of maintenance treatment with ranitidine for patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1992; 6: 629–35
- Damman H G, Simon-Schultz J, Bauermeister W, Schmoldt A, Müller P, Simon B. Prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcer with prostaglandin analogues. Lancet 1989; 1: 52–7
- Elliot DP. Preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Ann Pharmacother 1990; 24: 954–9
- Giercksky K E, Husby G, Rudstad H E, Revaugh A. Epidemiology of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal problems and the role of cimetidine in their prevention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1988; 2: 33–7
- Hazleman BL. Incidence of gastropathy in destructive arthropathies. Scand J Rheumatol 1989; 78: 1–6, Suppl
- Porro G B, Face F. Ulcerogenic drugs and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1988; 2: 309–16
- Eberle E, Rettenmaier G. Kumulation von Risikofaktoren vor der akuten gastroduodenalen Blutung: Schmerz-/Rheumamittel Alkohol und Ulkusanam nese. Z Gastroenterol 1985; 23: 107–12
- MacDonald T M, Morant S V, Robinson G C, Shield M J, Murray F E, McDevitt DG. The risk of serious upper GI complications is constant with continuous NSAID therapy: results of a record linkage study in 52382 exposed patients. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: A156
- Walt R P, Cottrell J, Mann S G, Freemantle N P, Langman M JS. Continuous in travenous famotidine for haemorrhage from peptic ulcer. Lancet 1992; 340: 1058–63
- Festen H PM. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1988; 2: 113–7
- Bloom BS. Risk and cost of gastrointestinal side effects associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1019–23
- Brazer S R, Tyor M P, Pancotto F S, Nickl N J, Wildermann N M, Harrell F E. Studies of gastric ulcer disease by community-based gastroenterologists. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 824–9
- Carson J F, Strom B L, Soper K A, West S L, Morse ML. The association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 85–9
- Cooper B T, Weston C FM, Neumann CS. Acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients aged 80 years or more. Q J Med 1988; 68: 765–9
- Ebell MH. Peptic ulcer disease. Am Fam Physician 1992; 46: 107–11
- Faulkner G, Prichard P, Somerville K, Langman M JS. Aspirin and bleeding peptic ulcer in the elderly. Br Med J 1988; 297: 1311–5
- Kurata J H, Nogawa A N, Abbey D E, Petersen F. A prospective study of risk for peptic ulcer disease in seventh-day adventists. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 902–9
- Langman M JS, Weil J, Wainwright P, Lawson D H, Rawlins M D, Logan R FA. Risk of bleeding peptic ulcer associated with individual nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1994; 343: 1075–9
- Savage R L, Moller P W, Ballantyne C L, Wells JE. Variation in the risk of peptic ulcer complications with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 84–91
- Scapa E, Horowitz M, Waron M, Eshchar J. Duodenal ulcer in the elderly. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989; 11: 502–9
- Zeidler H. Epidemiology of NSAID induced gastropathy. J Rheumatol 1991; 18: 2–10, Suppl
- Zimmerman J, Arnon R, Ligumski M, Beeri R, Keret D, Lysy J. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Jerusalem 1988–91: causes, characteristics and relation to nonsteroidal antiin-flammatory drugs. Isr J Med Sci 1993; 29: 292–7
- Hanscn J M, Hallas J, Lauritsen Bytzer P. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and ulcer complications: a risk factor analysis for clinical decision-making. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 126–30
- Taha A S, Dahill S, Sturrock R D, Lee F D, Russell RJ. Predicting NSAID related ulcers-assessment of clinical and pathological risk factors and importance of differences in NSAID. Gut 1994; 35: 891–6
- Henry D, Dobson A, Turner C. Variability in the risk of major gastrointestinal complications from nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 1078–83
- O'Brien J D, Burnham WR. Bleeding from peptic ulcers and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the Romford area. Br Med J 1985; 291: 1609–14
- Gabriel S E, Jaakkimainen L, Bombardier C. Risk for serious gastrointestinal complications related to use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 797–85
- Rodriguez L AG, Jick H. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1994; 343: 769–72
- Kreiss C, Blum AL. Epidemiologie und Risikofaktoren der gastroduodenalen Ulcuskrankheit. Chirurg 1996; 67: 7–13
- Bateson MC. Cigarette smoking and helicobacter pylori infection. Postgrad Med J 1993; 69: 41–9
- Cryer B, Lee E, Feldman M. Factors influencing gastroduodenal mucosal prostaglandin concentrations: roles of smoking and aging. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 636–42
- Hudson N, Hawthorne A B, Cole A T, Jones P DE, Hawkey CJ. Mechanisms of gastric and duodenal damage and protection. Hepatogastroenterology Suppl 1992; 39: 31–6, Suppl
- Kato I, Nomura A MY, Stemmermann G N, Chyou PH. A prospective study of gastric and duodenal ulcer and its relation to smoking alcohol and diet. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 521–8
- Scott A M, Kellow J E, Shuter B, Nolan J M, Hoschl R, Jones MP. Effects of cigarette smoking on solid and liquid intragastric distribution and gastric emptying. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 410–6
- Wanatabe Y, Kurata J H, Kawamoto K, Kawai K. Epidemiological study of peptic ulcer disease among Japanese and Koreans in Japan. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992; 15: 68–75
- Müller-Lissner SA. Bile reflux is increased in cigarette smokers. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 1205–11
- Blum A L, Sonnenberg A, Börsch G. Natürlicher Verlauf und Risikofaktoren der Ulkuskrankheit. Ulkusalmanach 1+2, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin 1990
- Sonnenberg A. Geographic and temporal variations in the occurrence of peptic ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985; 20: 11–9, Suppl 110
- Sonnenberg A. Ulkusepidemiologie: Altes Wissen in neuem Licht. Ther Umsch 1992; 49: 726–31
- Beard K, Walker A M, Perera D A, Jick H. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hospitalization for gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1621–7
- Laporte J R, Carné X, Vidal X, Moreno V, Juan J. Catalan Countries Study on Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: upper gastrointestinal bleeding in relation to previous use of analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1991; 337: 85–92