Vagal System Impairment in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: Does Hepatic Glutathione Deficiency Have a Pathogenetic Role?

References

• Thuluvath P. J., Triger D. R. Autonomic neuropathy in chronic liver disease. Q J Med 1989; 72: 737–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacGilchrist A. J., Reid J. L. Impairment of autonomic reflex in cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 288–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy R. M., Bredesen D. E., Rosenblum M. L. Neurologic complications of HIV infection. AFD 1990; 41: 517–36
   Google Scholar
• Me Arthur J. C. Neurologic manifestations of AIDS. Medicine 1987; 66: 407–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simpson D. M., Tagliati M. Neurologic manifestations of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 769–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez M., Beloqui O., Ferrer V. J., Gil B., Qian C. H., Garcia N., et al. Glutathione depletion in chronic hepatitis C. Int Hepatol Commun 1993; 1: 215–21
   Google Scholar
• Beloqui O., Prieto J., Suarez M., Gil B., Qian C. H., Garcia N., et al. N-acetyl-cysteine enhances the response to interferon alfa in chronic hepatitis C: a pilot study. J Interf Res 1993; 13: 279–82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buhl R., Holroyd K. J., Mastrangeli A., Cantin A. M., Jaffe H. A., Wells F. B., et al. Systemic glutathione deficiency in symptom-free HIV-seropositive individuals. Lancet 1989; 2: 1294–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staal F. J T, Ela S. W., Roederer M., Anderson M. T., Herzenberg L. A., Herzenberg L. A. Glutathione deficiency and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Lancet 1992; 339: 909–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staal F. J T, Roederer M., Israelski D. M., Bupp J., Mole L. A., McShane D., et al. Intracellular glutathione levels in T cell subsets decrease in HIV infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8: 305–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbara G., Di Lorenzo G., Soldini M., Parotto S., Bellomo G., Belloni G., et al. Hepatic glutathione deficiency in chronic hepatitis C: quantitative evaluation in patients who are HIV positive and HIV negative and correlations with plasmatic and lymphocytic concentrations and with the activity of the liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 2569–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wheeler T., Walkins P. J. Cardiac denervation in diabetes. Br Med J 1973; 4: 584–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett T., Farquhar I. K., Hosking P. T., Hampton J. R. Assessment of methods for estimating autonomic nervous control of the heart in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1978; 27: 1167–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeifer M. A., Cook D., Brodsky J., Tice D., Reenan A., Swedine S., et al. Quantitative evaluation of cardiac parasympathetic activity in normal and diabetic man. Diabetes 1982; 31: 339–45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isobe H., Sakai H., Sakamoto S., Nawata H. Decreased variation of electocardiographic R-R interval in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 9: 232–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control. Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR 1987; 36(Suppl 1)S3–S15
   Google Scholar
• Scheurer P. J. Classification of chronic viral hepatitis: a need for reassessment. J Hepatol 1991; 13: 372–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knodell R. G., Ishak K. G., Black W. C., Chen T. S., Craig R., Kaplowitz N., et al. Formulation and application of numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1981; 1: 431–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed D. J., Babson J. R., Beatley P. W., Brodie A. E., Ellis W. W., Potter D. W. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of nanomole levels of glutathione, glutathione disulfide and related thiols and disulfides. Anal Biochem 1980; 106: 55–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry O. H., Rosenbrough R. J., Farr A. L., Randall R. J. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951; 193: 265–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigelius R., Muckel C., Akerboom T. P., Sies H. Identification and qualification of glutathione in hepatic protein mixed disulfides and its relationship to glutathione disulfide. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32: 2529–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellman G., Lysko H. A precise method for the determination of whole blood and plasma sulphydryl groups. Anal Biochem 1979; 93: 98–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli G., Biasi F., Chiarpotto E., Dianzani M. U., de Luca A., Esterbauer H. Lipid peroxidation in human disease: evidence of red cell oxidative stress after circulatory shock. Free Rad Biol Med 1989; 6: 167–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esterbauer H., Lang J., Zadravec S., Slater T. F. Detection of malonaldehyde by high-performance liquid chromatography. Meth Enzymol 1984; 105: 319–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage P., Berry G. Statistical methods in medical research3rd ed. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford 1994
   Google Scholar
• Pfafferot C., Meiselman H. J., Hochstein P. The effect of malonyldialdehyde on erythrocyte deformability. Blood 1982; 59: 12–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deleve L. D., Kaplowitz N. Importance and regulation of hepatic glutathione. Sem Liver Dis 1990; 10: 251–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato H., Shimazu T. Effect of autonomic denervation on DNA syntesis during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Eur J Biochem 1983; 134: 473–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jungermann K. Control of liver function by the autonomic liver nerves. Biochem Soc Trans 1987; 15: 365–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hendrickse M. T., Thuluvath P. J., Triger D. R. Natural history of autonomic neuropathy in chronic liver disease. Lancet 1992; 339: 1462–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vendemiale G., Altomare E., Trizio T., Le Grazie C., Di Padova C., Salerno M. T., et al. Effects of oral S-adenosyl-L-methionine on hepatic glutathione in patients with liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 407–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loguercio C., Clot P., Albano E., Argenzio F., Grella A., de Girolamo V., et al. Free radicals and not acetaldehyde influence the circulating levels of glutathione after acute or chronic alcohol abuse: in vivo and in vitro studies. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 29: 168–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roederer M., Raju P. A., Staal F. J T, Herzenberg L. A., Herzenberg L. A. N-acetyl-cysteine inhibits latent HIV expression in chronically infected cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7: 563–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar