Good outcome with trimethoprim 10 mg/kg/day-sulfamethoxazole 50 mg/kg/day for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV infected patients

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 2004;53((RR-15)):1–112.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes WT, McNabb PC, Makres TD, Feldman S. Efficacy of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1974; 5: 289–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes WT, Feldman S, Sanyal SK. Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis with trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. Can Med Assoc J 1975; 112: 47S–50S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes WT. Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in children. Rev Infect Dis 1982; 4: 602–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vohringer HF, Arasteh K. Pharmacokinetic optimisation in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993; 24: 388–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young LS. Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of adults with pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii. Rev Infect Dis 1982; 4: 608–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sattler FR, Cowan R, Nielsen DM, Ruskin J. Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 280–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram RJ, Davis R, Ellis-Pegler RB. Experience with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. N Z Med J 1989; 102: 496–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safrin S, Finkelstein DM, Feinberg J, Frame P, Simpson G, Wu A, et al. Comparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 792–802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattler FR, Frame P, Davis R, Nichols L, Shelton B, Akil B, et al. Trimetrexate with leucovorin versus trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole for moderate to severe episodes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS: a prospective, controlled multicenter investigation of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 029/031. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 165–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benfield TL, Helweg-Larsen J, Bang D, Junge J, Lundgren JD. Prognostic markers of short-term mortality in AIDS-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 2001; 119: 844–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin, MS, Hanson, DL, Navin, TR; and the Adult and Adolescent Spectrum HIV Disease Project. Survival of patients with AIDS, after diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, in the United States. J Infect Dis 2001;183:1409–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walzer PD, Evans HE, Copas AJ, Edwards SG, Grant AD, Miller RF. Early predictors of mortality from Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: 1985–2006. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 625–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris A, Wachter RM, Luce J, Turner J, Huang L. Improved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AIDS 2003; 17: 73–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson SJ, Batson S, Copas AJ, Edwards SG, Singer M, Miller RF. Survival of HIV-infected patients in the intensive care unit in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Thorax 2007; 62: 964–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis JR, Yarnold PR, Schwartz DN, Weinstein RA, Bennett CL. Improvements in outcomes of acute respiratory failure for patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 393–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee BL, Medina I, Benowitz NL, Jacob P, Wofsy CB, Mills J. Dapsone, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole plasma levels during treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 606–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joos B, Blaser J, Opravil M, Chave JP, Luthy R. Monitoring of co-trimoxazole concentrations in serum during treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2661–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashford, L, Lucas, CR, Stewart, K, Bowden, FJ. Serum levels of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole following a lower dose of cotrimoxazole in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia [Abstract]. 7th International Conference on AIDS. Florence. 1991; WB 2183.
   Google Scholar
• Data from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST); 2008-9-23. Available at: http://www.eucast.org, , (accessed on November 10, 2008).
   Google Scholar
• van der Ven AJ, Schoondermark-van de Ven EM, Camps W, Melchers WJ, Koopmans PP, van der Meer JW, et al. Anti-toxoplasma effect of pyrimethamine, trimethoprim and sulphonamides alone and in combination: implications for therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 38: 75–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daramola OO, Alonso PL, O'Dempsey TJD, Twumasi P, McArdle TF, Greenwood BM. Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum in The Gambia to co-trimoxazole. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991; 84: 345–8
   Google Scholar
• Jordan GW, Krajden SF, Hoeprich PD, Wong GA, Pierce TH, Rausch DC. Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole in chronic bronchitis. Can Med Assoc J 1975; 112: 91S–95S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morel C, Bergogne-Berezin E, Benard Y. Diffusion intrabronchique de l'association sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprime. Med Mal Infect 1979; 9: 217–22
   Google Scholar
• Hughes W, Leoung G, Kramer F, Bozzette SA, Safrin S, Frame P, et al. Comparison of atovaquone (566C80) with trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1521–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar