Pathogens in the lower respiratory tract of intensive care unit patients: Impact of duration of hospital care and mechanical ventilation

References

• Girou E, Buu-Hoi A, Stephan F, Novara A, Gutemann L, Safar M, . Airway colonization in long-term mechanically ventilated patients: effect of semi-recumbent position and continuous subglottic suctioning. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:225–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioanas M, Ferrer R, Angrill J, Ferrer M, Torres A. Microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2001;17:791–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellit TH, Chan JD, Skerrett SJ, Nathens AB. Development of a guideline for the management of ventilator-associated pneumonia based on local microbiologic findings and impact of the guideline on antimicrobial use practices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:525–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, de Leeuw PW, Stobberingh EE. Role of colonization of upper intestinal tract in the pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:309–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent JL. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Hosp Infect 2004;57:272–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan MT, Bahrani-Mougeot F, Fox PC, Kennedy TP, Hopkins S, Boucher RC. The role of oral microbial colonization in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:665–72.
   Google Scholar
• Eggimann P, Pittet D. Infection control in the ICU. Chest 2001;120:2059–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park DR. The microbiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Care 2005;50:742–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dallas J, Kollef M. Severe hospital-acquired pneumonia: a review for clinicians. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2009;11:349–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cocanour CS, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Peninger M, Garbade D, Tidemann T, Domonoske BD, . Cost of a ventilator-associated pneumonia in a shock trauma intensive care unit. Surgical Infect 2005;6:65–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rello J, Ollendorf DA, Oster G, Vera-Llonch M, Bellm L, Redman R, . Epidemiology and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large US database. Chest 2002;122:2115–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscedere JG, Martin CM, Heyland DK. The impact of ventilator-associated pneumonia on the Canadian health care system. J Crit Care 2008;23:5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Griffith L, Keenan SP, Brun-Buisson C; for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. The attributable morbidity and mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the critically ill patient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1249–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siempos II, Vardakas KZ, Kyriakopoulos CE, Ntaidou TK, Falagas ME. Predictors of mortality in adult patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Shock 2010;33:590–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, Kollef MH. A comparative analysis of patients with early-onset vs late-onset nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU setting. Chest 2000;117:1434–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagon JF. Influence of pneumonia on the mortality of the critically ill. Curr Opin Crit Care 1997;3:56–64.
   Google Scholar
• Lisboa KD, Brun-Buisson T, Krueger C, Macor W, Jordi AS, Topeli DE, . Spectrum of practice in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in patients requiring mechanical ventilation in European intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2009;37:2360–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren DK, Shukla JS, Olsen MA, Kollef MH, Hollenbeak CS, Cox MJ. Outcome and attributable cost of ventilator-associated pneumonia among intensive care unit patients in a suburban medical center. Crit Care Med 2003;31:1312–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chastre J, Fagon JY. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:867–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Johannes RS. Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia: results from a large database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest 2005;128:3854–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital- acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:388–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trouillet JL, Chastre J, Vuagnat A, Joly-Guillou ML, Combaux D, Dombret MC, . Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:531–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathevon T, Souweine B, Traor O, Aublet B, Caillaud D. ICU-acquired nosocomial infection: impact of delay of adequate antibiotic treatment. Scand J Infect Dis 2002;34:831–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest 1999;115: 462–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollef MH. The importance of appropriate initial antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired infections. Am J Med 2003;115: 582–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claesson C, Nilsson LE, Kronvall G, Walder M, Srberger M. Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline and comparative agents against clinical isolates of staphylococci and enterococci from ICUs and general hospital wards at three Swedish university hospitals. Scand J Infect Dis 2009;41:171–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, Bruining HA, White J, Nicolas-Charion MH, . The prevalence of nosocomial infection in ICU in Europe. JAMA 1995;274:639–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanberger H, Erlandsson M, Burman LG, Cars O, Gill H, Lindgren S, . High antibiotic susceptibility among bacterial pathogens in Swedish ICUs. Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36: 24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cars O, Mlstad S, Melander A. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet 2001;357:1851–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones RN. Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:81–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, Anzueto A, Martin CD, . International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 2009;21:2323–9.
   Google Scholar
• Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Samsa GP, Brown V, Niederman MS. Microbiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia compared with that of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:825–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahl J, Tham J, Walder M, Melander E, Odenholt I. Bacterial aetiology in ventilator-associated pneumonia at a Swedish university hospital. Scand J Infect Dis 2010;42:469–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar