References
- Kaye D. Changes in spectrum, diagnosis and management of bacterial and fungal endocarditis. Med Clin North Am 1973;57:941–57.
- Thayer WS. Bacterial or infective endocarditis. The Gibson lectures I + II for 1930. Edinb Med J 1931;237–333.
- Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK, Alberts MJ, Bashore TM, Corey GR, . New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis—utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Am J Med 1994;96:200–9.
- Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG, Ryan T, . Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:633–8.
- Dessap AM, Zahar JR, Voiriot G, Ali F, Aissa N, Kirsch M, Brun-Buisson C. Influence of preoperative antibiotherapy on valve culture results and outcome of endocarditis requiring surgery. J Infect 2009;59:42–8.
- Morris AJ, Drinkovic D, Pottumarthy S, MacCulloch D, Kerr AR, West T. Bacteriological outcome after valve surgery for active infective endocarditis: implications for duration of treatment after surgery. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:187–94.
- Chuard C, Antley CM, Reller LB. Clinical utility of cardiac valve Gram stain and culture in patients undergoing native valve replacement. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998;122:412–5.
- Greub G, Lepidi H, Rovery C, Casalta JP, Habib G, Collard F, . Diagnosis of infectious endocarditis in patients undergoing valve surgery. Am J Med 2005;118:230–8.
- Lang S, Watkin RW, Lambert PA, Bonser RS, Littler WA, Elliott TS. Evaluation of PCR in the molecular diagnosis of endocarditis. J Infect 2004;48:269–75.
- Morris AJ, Drinkovic D, Pottumarthy S, Strickett MG, MacCulloch D, Lambie N, Kerr AR. Gram stain, culture, and histopathological examination findings for heart valves removed because of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:697–704.
- Munoz P, Bouza E, Marin M, Alcala L, Creixems MR, Valerio M, Pinto A. Heart valves should not be routinely cultured. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2897–901.
- Goldenberger D, Kunzli A, Vogt P, Zbinden R, Altwegg M. Molecular diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis by broad-range PCR amplification and direct sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:2733–9.
- Gauduchon V, Chalabreysse L, Etienne J, Celard M, Benito Y, Lepidi H, . Molecular diagnosis of infective endocarditis by PCR amplification and direct sequencing of DNA from valve tissue. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:763–6.
- Marin M, Munoz P, Sanchez M, del Rosal M, Alcala L, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Bouza E. Molecular diagnosis of infective endocarditis by real-time broad-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing directly from heart valve tissue. Medicine (Baltimore) 2006;86:195–202.
- Lang S, Watkin RW, Lambert PA, Littler WA, Elliott TS. J. Detection of bacterial DNA in cardiac vegetations by PCR after the completion of antimicrobial treatment for endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10:579–81.
- Upton A, Drinkovic D, Pottumarthy S, West T, Morris AJ. Culture results of heart valves resected because of streptococcal endocarditis: insights into duration of treatment to achieve valve sterilization. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:234–9.
- Voldstedlund M, Pedersen LN, Baandrup U, Klaaborg KE, Fuursted K. Broad-range PCR and sequencing in routine diagnosis of infective endocarditis. APMIS 2008;116:190–8.
- Rovery C, Greub G, Lepidi H, Casalta JP, Habib G, Collart F, Raoult D. PCR detection of bacteria on cardiac valves of patients with treated bacterial endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:163–7.
- Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Ylken RH. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2003.
- Horvath LL, George BJ, Murray CK, Harrison LS, Hospenthal DR. Direct comparison of the BACTEC 9240 and BacT/ALERT 3D automated blood culture systems for Candida growth detection. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:115–8.
- Flayhart D, Borek AP, Wakefield T, Dick J, Carroll KC. Comparison of BACTEC PLUS blood culture media to BacT/Alert FA blood culture media for detection of bacterial pathogens in samples containing therapeutic levels of antibiotics. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:816–21.
- Peterson LR. Effect of media on transport and recovery of anaerobic bacteria. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:S134–6.
- Gouriet F, Fenollar F, Patrice JY, Drancourt M, Raoult D. Use of shell-vial cell culture assay for isolation of bacteria from clinical specimens: 13 years of experience. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:4993–5002.