Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients in the late-HAART era in developed countries

References

• Buchacz K, Baker RK, Palella FJ Jr,Chmiel JS, Lichtenstein KA, Novak RM, et al. AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in US patients, 1994–2007: a cohort study. AIDS 2010;24: 1549–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndiaye B, Ould-Kaci K, Salleron J, Bataille P, Bonnevie F, Cochonat K, et al. Characteristics of and outcomes in HIV-infected patients who return to care after loss to follow-up. AIDS 2009;23:1786–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teshale EH, Hanson DL, Wolfe MI, Brooks JT, Kaplan JE, Bort Z, et al. Reasons for lack of appropriate receipt of primary Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis among HIV-infected persons receiving treatment in the United States: 1994–2003. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:879–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antinori A, Coenen T, Costagiola D, Dedes N, Ellefson M, Gatell J, et al. Late presentation of HIV infection: a consensus definition. HIV Med 2011;12:61–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodwick RK, Sabin CA, Porter K, Ledergerber B, van Sighem A, Cozzi-Lepri A, et al. Death rates in HIV-positive antiretroviral-naive patients with CD4 count greater than 350 cells per microL in Europe and North America: a pooled cohort observational study. Lancet 2010;376:340–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Althoff KN, Gange SJ, Klein MB, Brooks JT, Hogg RS, Bosch RJ, et al. Late presentation for human immunodeficiency virus care in the United States and Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:1512–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: understanding and improving health. 2nd ed. DHHS; 2000. Available at: http://www.healthypeople.gov/Publications/ (accessed 27 August 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Horberg M, Hurley L, Klein D, Silverberg M, Quesenberry C, Mugavero M. Early missed office visits post-HIV diagnosis and mortality in a large healthcare system. Abstract 1129. 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, WA, USA, March 5–8, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:493–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIV treatment as prevention—it works. Lancet 2011; 377:1719.
   Google Scholar
• El-Sadr WM, Coburn BJ, Blower S. Modeling the impact on the HIV epidemic of treating discordant couples with antiretrovirals to prevent transmission. AIDS 2011;25:2295–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, Merriman B, Saag MS, Justice AC, et al. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N Engl J Med 2009;360: 1815–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks JT, Kaplan JE, Holmes KK, Benson C, Pau A, Masur H. HIV-associated opportunistic infections—going, going, but not gone: the continued need for prevention and treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:609–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull MW, Phillips P, Montaner JS. Changing global epidemiology of pulmonary manifestations of HIV/AIDS. Chest 2008;134:1287–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris A, Lundgren JD, Masur H, Walzer PD, Hanson DL, Frederick T, et al. Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:1713–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RF, Evans HE, Copas AJ, Huggett JF, Edwards SG, Walzer PD. Seasonal variation in mortality of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. Int J STD AIDS 2010;21:497–503.
   Google Scholar
• Walzer PD, Evans HE, Copas AJ, Edwards SG, Grant AD, Miller RF. Early predictors of mortality from Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: 1985–2006. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:625–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• From the Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for adults and adolescents infected with HIV. JAMA 1992;267: 2294–9.
   Google Scholar
• Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. Lancet 2008;372:293–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskaran K, Hamouda O, Sannes M, Boufassa F, Johnson AM, Lambert PC, et al. Changes in the risk of death after HIV seroconversion compared with mortality in the general population. JAMA 2008;300:51–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill VS, Lima VD, Zhang W, Wynhoven B, Yip B, Hogg RS, et al. Improved virological outcomes in British Columbia concomitant with decreasing incidence of HIV type 1 drug resistance detection. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima VD, Hogg RS, Harrigan PR, Moore D, Yip B, Wood E, et al. Continued improvement in survival among HIV-infected individuals with newer forms of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2007;21:685–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolopa A, Andersen J, Powderly W, Sanchez A, Sanne I, Suckow C, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy reduces AIDS progression/death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: a multicenter randomized strategy trial. PLoS One 2009;4:e5575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamers FF, Downs AM. The changing face of the HIV epidemic in Western Europe: what are the implications for public health policies?. Lancet 2004;364:83–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy I, Mor Z, Anis E, Maayan S, Leshem E, Pollack S, et al. Men who have sex with men, risk behavior, and HIV infection: integrative analysis of clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory databases. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:1363–70.
   Google Scholar