References
- Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile colitis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:257–62.
- Gorbach SL. Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1690–1.
- Ricciardi R, Rothenberger DA, Madoff RD, Baxter NN. Increasing prevalence and severity of Clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients in the United States. Arch Surg 2007;142:624–31; discussion 31.
- Nylund CM, Goudie A, Garza JM, Fairbrother G, Cohen MB. Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011;165:451–7.
- Sandora TJ, Fung M, Flaherty K, Helsing L, Scanlon P, Potter-Bynoe G, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011;30:580–4.
- Kuijper EJ, van Dissel JT, Wilcox MH. Clostridium difficile: changing epidemiology and new treatment options. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2007;20:376–83.
- Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk—four states, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54:1201–5.
- Abrahamian FM, Talan DA, Moran GJ, Pinner R. Update on emerging infections from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk—four states, 2005. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48:55–9.
- Kyne L, Sougioultzis S, McFarland LV, Kelly CP. Underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23:653–9.
- Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, Oughton M, Libman MD, Michaud S, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2442–9.
- Moudgal V, Sobel JD. Clostridium difficile colitis: a review. Hosp Pract (Minneap) 2012;40:139–48.
- Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Loo VG, McDonald LC, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:431–55.
- Pepin J, Saheb N, Coulombe MA, Alary ME, Corriveau MP, Authier S, et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:1254–60.
- Loo VG, Bourgault AM, Poirier L, Lamothe F, Michaud S, Turgeon N, et al. Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1693–703.
- Henrich TJ, Krakower D, Bitton A, Yokoe DS. Clinical risk factors for severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:415–22.
- Andrews CN, Raboud J, Kassen BO, Enns R. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: predictors of severity in patients presenting to the emergency department. Can J Gastroenterol 2003;17:369–73.
- Kim YS, Han DS, Kim YH, Kim WH, Kim JS, Kim HS, et al. Incidence and clinical features of C. difficile infections in Korea: a nationwide study. Epidemiol Infect 2013;141:189–94.
- Nielsen OH, Vainer B, Rask-Madsen J. Non-IBD and noninfectious colitis. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5:28–39.
- Nair S, Yadav D, Corpuz M, Pitchumoni CS. Clostridium difficile colitis: factors influencing treatment failure and relapse—a prospective evaluation. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1873–6.
- Lee JH, Lee SY, Kim YS, Park SW, Jo SY, Ryu SH, et al. The incidence and clinical features of Clostridium difficile infection; single center study. Korean J Gastroenterol 2010; 55:175–82.
- Al-Tureihi FI, Hassoun A, Wolf-Klein G, Isenberg H. Albumin, length of stay, and proton pump inhibitors: key factors in Clostridium difficile-associated disease in nursing home patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2005;6:105–8.
- Bartlett JG. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:573–81.