790
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Incidence and etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly in a prospective population-based study

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 250-259 | Received 05 Sep 2013, Accepted 26 Nov 2013, Published online: 29 Jan 2014

References

  • Jokinen C, Heiskanen L, Juvonen H, Kallinen S, Karkola K, Korppi M, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in the population of four municipalities in eastern Finland. Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:977–88.
  • Marrie TJ, Huang JQ. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Edmonton, Alberta: an emergency department-based study. Can Respir J 2005;12:139–42.
  • Koivula I, Sten M, Leinonen M, Makela PH. Clinical efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly: a randomized, single-blind population-based trial. Am J Med 1997;103:281–90.
  • Jackson ML, Neuzil KM, Thompson WW, Shay DK, Yu O, Hanson CA, Jackson LA. The burden of community- acquired pneumonia in seniors: results of a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1642–50.
  • Almirall J, Bolibar I, Vidal J, Sauca G, Coll P, Niklasson B, et al. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a population-based study. Eur Respir J 2000;15:757–63.
  • Marston BJ, Plouffe JF, File TM Jr, Hackman BA, Salstrom SJ, Lipman HB, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Results of a population-based active surveillance Study in Ohio. The Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1709–18.
  • Jackson LA, Neuzil KM, Yu O, Benson P, Barlow WE, Adams AL, et al. Vaccine Safety Datalink. Effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1747–55.
  • Kaplan V, Angus DC, Griffin MF, Clermont G, Scott Watson R, Linde-Zwirble WT. Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: age- and sex-related patterns of care and outcome in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:766–72.
  • Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA, Martinez JA, Arancibia F, Mensa J, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:397–405.
  • File TM. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 2003; 362:1991–2001.
  • Almirall J, Boixeda R, Bolíbar I, Bassa J, Sauca G, Vidal J, et al. Differences in the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia according to site of care: a population-based study. Respir Med 2007;101:2168–75.
  • Charles PG, Whitby M, Fuller AJ, Stirling R, Wright AA, Korman TM, et al. The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Australia: why penicillin plus doxycycline or a macrolide is the most appropriate therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1513–21.
  • Capelastegui A, España PP, Bilbao A, Gamazo J, Medel F, Salgado J, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in a population-based study: link between etiology and patients characteristics, process-of-care, clinical evolution and outcomes. BMC Infect Dis 2012;12:134. doi:10.1186/ 1471-2334-12-134
  • Simberkoff MS, Cross AP, Al-Ibrahim M, Baltch AL, Geiseler PJ, Nadler J, et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in high-risk patients. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1318–27.
  • Ortqvist A, Hedlund J, Burman LA, Elbel E, Hofer M, Leinonen M, et al. Randomised trial of 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in prevention of pneumonia in middle-aged and elderly people. Swedish Pneumococcal Vaccination Study Group. Lancet 1998;351: 399–403.
  • Honkanen PO, Keistinen T, Miettinen L, Herva E, Sankilampi U, Läärä E, et al. Incremental effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine on simultaneously administered influenza vaccine in preventing pneumonia and pneumococcal pneumonia among persons aged 65 years or older. Vaccine 1999;17:2493–500.
  • Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Lynfield R, et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein–polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1737–46.
  • Miller E, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Slack MP, George RC. Herd immunity and serotype replacement 4 years after seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2011;11:760–8.
  • Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Arbogast PG, Martin SW, Edwards KM, Griffin MR. Decline in pneumonia admissions after routine childhood immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA: a time-series analysis. Lancet 2007;369:1179–86.
  • Nelson JC, Jackson M, Yu O, Whitney CG, Bounds L, Bittner R. Impact of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on rates of community acquired pneumonia in children and adults. Vaccine 2008;26:4947–54.
  • Vernet G, Saha S, Satzke C, Burgess DH, Alderson M, Maisonneuve JF, et al. Laboratory-based diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia: state of the art and unmet needs. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17(Suppl 3):1–13.
  • Butler JC, Bosshardt SC, Phelan M, Moroney SM, Tondella ML, Farley MM, et al. Classical and latent class analysis evaluation of sputum polymerase chain reaction and urine antigen testing for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. J Infect Dis 2003;187:1416–23.
  • Jokinen J, Snellman M, Palmu AA, Hausdorff WP, Erkkilä L, Saukkoriipi A, et al. Using latent class analysis to estimate pneumococcal etiology in the elderly with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Abstract D-896. Program and abstracts of the 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (Chicago). Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 2007.
  • Jokinen J, Scott JA. Estimating the proportion of pneumonia attributable to pneumococcus in Kenyan adults: latent class analysis. Epidemiology 2010;21:719–25.
  • Yang S, Lin S, Khalil A, Gaydos C, Nuemberger E, Juan G, et al. Quantitative PCR assay using sputum samples for rapid diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in adult emergency department patients. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:3221–6.
  • Saukkoriipi A, Palmu A, Kilpi T, Leinonen M. Real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media. Mol Cell Probes 2002;16:385–90.
  • Sheppard CL, Harrison TG, Morris R, Hogan A, George RC. Autolysin-targeted LightCycler assay including internal process control for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA in clinical samples. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:189–95.
  • Kurola P. Role of pneumococcal virulence genes in the etiology of respiratory tract infection and biofilm formation. Oulu, Finland: University of Oulu; 2011.
  • O’Brien KL, Nohynek H; World Health Organization Pneumococcal Vaccine Trials Carriage Working Group. Report from a WHO Working Group: standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:e1–11.
  • Kilpi T, Herva E, Kaijalainen T, Syrjänen R, Takala AK. Bacteriology of acute otitis media in a cohort of Finnish children followed for the first two years of life. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:654–62.
  • Stockton J, Ellis JS, Saville M, Clewley JP, Zambon MC. Multiplex PCR for typing and subtyping influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2990–5.
  • Walsh EE, Falsey AR, Swinburne IA, Formica MA. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults: use of a single-tube “hanging droplet” nested PCR. J Med Virol 2001;63:259–63.
  • Templeton KE, Scheltinga SA, Beersma MF, Kroes AC, Claas EC. Rapid and sensitive method using multiplex real-time PCR for diagnosis of infections by influenza A and influenza B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42: 1564–9.
  • Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, Boersma WG, Karalus N, Town GI, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003;58:377–82.
  • Díaz A, Barria P, Niederman M, Restrepo MI, Dreyse J, Fuentes G, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients in Chile: the increasing prevalence of respiratory viruses among classic pathogens. Chest 2007;131:779–87.
  • Jokinen C, Heiskanen L, Juvonen H, Kallinen S, Kleemola M, Koskela M, et al. Microbial etiology of community- acquired pneumonia in the adult population of 4 municipalities in eastern Finland. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1141–54.
  • Palmu AA, Kaijalainen T, Saukkoriipi A, Leinonen M, Kilpi T. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumococcal urine antigen test in healthy elderly subjects. Scand J Infect Dis 2012;44:433–8.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.