A New Diagnostic Approach to the Patient with Severe Pneumonia

References

• Hook I Ilew, Horton C A, Schaberg D R. Failure of intensive care unit support to influence mortality from pneumococcal bacteremia. JAMA 1983; 249: 1055–1057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Örtqvist Å, Sterner G, Nilsson J A. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: Factors influencing need of intensive care treatment and prognosis. Scand J Infect Dis 1985; 17: 377–386
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodhead M A, MacFarlane J T, Rodgers F G, Laverick A, Pilkington R, Macrae A D. Aetiology and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect 1985; 10: 204–210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradsher R W, Jr. Overwhelming pneumonia. Med Clin North Am 1983; 67: 1233–1249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeprich P D. Etiologic diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections. California Med 1970; 112: 1–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davidson M, Tempest B, Palmer D L. Bacteriological diagnosis of acute pneumonia. Comparison of sputum, transtracheal aspirates, and lung aspirates. JAMA 1976; 235: 158–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett J G, Finegold S M. Bacteriology of expectorated sputum with quantitative culture and wash technique compared to transtracheal aspirates. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 117: 1019–1027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinsky R W, Parker R H, Brandt E, Hoeprich P D. Diagnostic usefulness and safety of transtracheal aspiration. N Engl J Med 1967; 276: 604–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimica I, Donoso E, Howard J E. Lungpuncture in the etiological diagnosis of pneumonia. Am J Dis Child 1971; 122: 278–282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hopkin J M, Turney J H, Young J A, Adu D, Michael J. Rapid diagnosis of obscure pneumonia in immunosuppressed renal patients by cytology of alveolar lavage fluid. Lancet 1983; 2: 299–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams D, Yungbluth M, Adams G, Glassroth J. The role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of immunocompromised host with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 880–885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sörensen J, Cederholm I, Carlsson C. Pneumonia: A deadly disease despite intensive care treatment. Scand J Infect Dis 1986; 18: 329–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi J H, Coalson J J, Johanson W G. Bacteriologic diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in primates. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 125: 53–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimberley N W, Bass J B, Boyd B W, Kirkpatrick M B, Serio R A, Pollock H M. Use of a bronchoscopic protected catheter brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections. Chest 1982; 81: 556–562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halperin S A, Suratt P M, Gwaltney J M, Gröschel D HM, Hendley J O, Eggleston P A. Bacterial cultures of the lower respiratory tract in normal volunteers with and without experimental rhinovirus infection using a plugged double catheter system. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 125: 678–680
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trollfors B, Berntsson E, Elgefors B, Kaijser B. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis of sputum and blood for the diagnosis of chest infections caused by pneumococci or Haemophilus influenzae. Scand J Infect Dis 1979; 11: 31–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson H W. Immune response to Legionella pneumophila. Manual of clinical immunology, 2nd ed., N R Rose, H Friedman. Am Soc Microbiol, Washington DC 1980; 500–503
   Google Scholar
• Granström M, Julander I, Möllby R. Serological diagnosis of deep Staphylococcus aureus infections by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for staphylococcal hemolysins and teichoic acid. Scand J Infect Dis, Suppl 1983; 41: 132–139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Saene H KF, Stoutenbeek C P, Miranda D R, Zandstra D F. A novel approach to infection control in the intensive care unit. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1983; 34: 193–208
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerver A JH, Rommes J H, Mevissen-Verhage E AE, Hulstaert P F, Vos A, Verhoef J, Wittebol P. Colonization and infection in surgical intensive care patients—a prospective study. Intensive Care Med 1987; 13: 347–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winterbaur R H. Diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1985; 4: 95–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chastra J, Viau F, Brun P, Pierre J, Dauge M C, Bouchama A, Akesbi A, Gibert C. Concise clinical studies: Prospective evaluation of the protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 924–929
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruiz-Santana S, Jimenez A G, Esteban A, Guerra L, Alvarez B, Corcia S, Gudin J, Martinez A, Quintana E, Armengol S, Gregori J, Arenzana A, Rosado L, Sanmartin A. ICU pneumonias: A multi-institutional study. Crit Care Med 1987; 15: 930–932
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalin M, Lindberg A A. Diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia: A comparison between microscopic examination of expectorate, antigen detection and cultural procedures. Scand J Infect Dis 1983; 15: 247–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fransén H. Clinical and laboratory studies on the role of viruses, bacteria, Mycoplasma pneu-moniae and Bedsonia in acute respiratory illness. Scand J Infect Dis 1970, Suppl 1
   Google Scholar
• Stevens R M, Teres D, Skillman J J, Feingold D S. Pneumonia in an intensive care unit support to influence mortality from pneumococcal bacteremia. JAMA 1983; 249: 106–111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacFarlane J T, Finch R G, Ward M J, Macrae A D. Hospital study of adult community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 1982; 2: 255–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus P S, Kallenbach J M, Hurwitz M D, Clinton C, Feldman C, Abramowitz J A, Zwi S. Transbronchial biopsy during mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1987; 15: 1136–1139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar