Enhanced lymphoproliferation to influenza a virus following vaccination of older, chronically III adults with live-attenuated viruses

References

• Centers for Disease Control. Recommendation of the Public Health Service Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. Influenza vaccine 1981–82. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95: 461–463
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control. Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendation of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 218–222
   Google Scholar
• Patriarca P A, Weber J A, Parker R A, Hall W N, Kendal A P, Bregman D J, Schonberger L B. Efficacy of influenza vaccine in nursing homes, reduction in illness and complications during an influenza A (H3N2) epidemic. JAMA 1985; 253: 1136–1139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements M L, Betts R F, Murphy B R. Advantage of live‐attenuated cold‐adapted influenza A virus over inactivated vaccine for A/Washington/80 (H3N2) wild‐type virus infection. Lancet 1984; 1: 705–708
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clements M L, Betts R F, Tierney E L, Murphy B R. Serum and nasal wash antibodies associated with resistance to experimental challenge with influenza A wild‐type virus. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24: 157–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements M L, O'Donnell S, Levine M M, Chanock R M, Murphy B R. Dose response of A/Alaska/6/77 (H3N2) cold‐adapted reassortant vaccine virus in adult volunteers: role of local antibody in resistance to infection with vaccine virus. Infect Immun 1983; 40: 1044–1051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson P R, Feldman S, Thompson J M, Mahoney J D, Wright P F. Immunity to influenza A virus infection in young children: a comparison of natural infection, live cold‐adapted vaccine, and inactivated vaccine. J Infect Dis 1986; 154: 121–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorse G J, Belshe R B, Munn N J. Local and systemic antibody responses in high‐risk adults given live‐attenuated and inactivated influenza A virus vaccines. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 911–918
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuwano K, Scott M, Young J F, Ennis F A. HA2 subunit of influenza A H1 and H2 subtype viruses induces a protective crossreactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. J Immunol 1988; 140: 1264–1268
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lukacher A C, Braciale V L, Braciale T J. In vivo effector function of influenza virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones is highly specific. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 814–826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap K L, Ada G L. The recovery of mice from influenza virus infection: adoptive transfer of immunity with immune T lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 1978; 7: 389–397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMichael A J, Gotch F M, Noble G R, Beare P AS. Cytotoxic T cell immunity to influenza. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 13–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox N J, Maassab H F, Kendal A P. Comparative studies of wild‐type and cold‐mutant (temperature‐sensitive) influenza viruses: non‐random reassortment of genes during preparation of live virus vaccine candidates by recombination at 25° between recent H3N2 and H1N1 epidemic strains and cold‐adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60. Virology 1979; 97: 190–194
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorse G J, Belshe R B, Munn N J. Safety of and serum antibody response to cold‐recombinant influenza A and inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccines in older adults with chronic diseases. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24: 336–342
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American College of Chest Physicians, Committees on Environmental Health and Respiratory Physiology. The assessment of ventilatory capacity. Chest 1975; 67: 95–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Thoracic Society, Medical Section of the American Lung Association. ATS statement — Snowbird workshop on standardization of spirometry. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119: 831–838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belshe R B, Van Voris L P, Mufson M A. Parenteral administration of live respiratory syncytial virus vaccine: results of a field trial. J Infect Dis 1982; 145: 311–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The hemagglutination inhibition test for influenza viruses. Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta 1975
   Google Scholar
• Murphy B R, Nelson D L, Wright P F, Tierney E L, Phelan M A, Chanock R M. Secretory and systemic immunological response in children infected with live‐attenuated influenza A virus vaccines. Infect Immun 1982; 36: 1102–1108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy B R, Phelan M A, Nelson D L, Yarchoan R, Tierney E L, Alling D W, Chanock R M. Hemagglutinin‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to influenza A and B viruses. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 13: 554–560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyum A. Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1968; 21(Suppl 97)77–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley L M. Cell proliferation. Selected methods in cellular immunology, B B Mishell, S M Shiigi. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco 1980; 153–161
   Google Scholar
• Lazar A, Wright P F. Cell‐mediated immune response of human lymphocytes to influenza A/USSR (H1N1) virus infection. Infect Immun 1980; 27: 867–871
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorse G J, Kopp W C. Modulation by immunosuppressive agents of peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to influenza A virus. J Lab Clin Med 1987; 110: 592–601
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powers R D, Hayden F G, Samuelson J, Gwaltney J M, Jr. Immune response of adults to sequential influenza vaccination. J Med Virol 1984; 14: 169–175
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazar A, Okabe N, Wright P F. Humoral and cellular immune responses of seronegative children vaccinated with a cold‐adapted influenza/HK/123/77 (H1N1) recombinant virus. Infect Immun 1980; 27: 862–866
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karpovich L G, Kalashnikova T V, Dzagurov S G, Blokha V V, Romanov V L, Bakeev Y R, Itkin Z B, Lonskaya N I. Blastogenic lymphocyte response as indicator of cell‐mediated immunity in humans vaccinated with live and inactivated influenza vaccines. Acta Virol (Praha) 1983; 27: 511–517
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cate T R, Kelly J R. Hong Kong influenza antigen sensitivity and decreased interferon response of peripheral lymphocytes. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, G L Hobby. American Society for Microbiology, Bethesda 1970; 156–160
   Google Scholar
• Dolin R, Murphy B R, Caplan E A. Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to influenza virus antigens after influenza infection and vaccination in humans. Infect Immun 1978; 19: 867–874
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruben F L, Jackson G G, Gotoff S P. Humoral and cellular response in humans after immunization with influenza vaccine. Infect Immun 1973; 7: 594–596
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shapira‐Nahor O, Morag A, Levy R, Zakay‐Rones Z. Cellular response in humans following vaccination with Gripax influenza virus. J Med Virol 1982; 10: 75–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs W A. Influence of prior cellular immunity on the in vitro lymphocyte response to virus antigens after influenza vaccination. Infect Immun 1981; 32: 503–507
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chow T C, Beutner K R, Ogra P L. Cell‐mediated immune responses to the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of influenza A virus after immunization in humans. Infect Immun 1979; 25: 103–109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckley C E, III, Zitt M J, Cate T R. Two categories of lymphocyte unresponsiveness to phytohemagglutinin. Cell Immunol 1973; 6: 140–148
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dolin R, Richman D D, Murphy B R, Fauci A S. Cell‐mediated immune responses in humans after induced infection with influenza A virus. J Infect Dis 1977; 135: 714–719
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarstrand C, Wasserman J. Mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes from patients with epidemic influenza. Scand J Infect Dis 1976; 8: 7–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kauffman C A, Linnemann C C, Jr, Schiff G M, Phair J P. Effect of viral and bacterial pneumonias on cell‐mediated immunity in humans. Infect Immun 1976; 13: 78–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kauffman C A, Linnemann C C, Jr, Tan J S, Schiff G M, Phair J P. Cell‐mediated immunity in humans during viral infection: dermal hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte proliferation during mild viral respiratory infections. Infect Immun 1974; 10: 757–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantzler G B, Lauteria S F, Cusumano C L, Lee J D, Ganguly R, Waldman R H. Immunosuppression during influenza virus infection. Infect Immun 1974; 10: 996–1002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ennis F A, Rook A H, Hua Q Y, Schild G C, Riley D, Pratt R, Potter C W. HLA‐restricted virus‐specific T‐lymphocyte responses to live and inactivated influenza vaccines. Lancet 1981; 2: 887–891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichman R C, Pons V G, Murphy B R, Caplan E A, Dolin R. Cell‐mediated cytotoxicity following influenza infection and vaccination in humans. J Med Virol 1979; 4: 1–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar