Dynamics of Blood Cytokine Concentrations in Patients with Bacteremic Infections

References

• Hack C E, De Groot E R, Felt-Bersma R J, Nuijens J H, Strack van Schijndel R JM, Eerenberg A JM, Thijs L G, Aarden L A. Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 in sepsis. Blood 1989; 74: 1704–1710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calandra T, Baumgartner J-D, Crau G E, Wu M- M., Lambert P-H, Schellekens J, Verhoef J, Glauser M P. The Swiss-Dutch J Immunoglobulin Group Prognostic values of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin-1, interferon-α and imerteron γ in the serum of patients with septic shock. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 982–987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damas P, Ledoux D, Nys M, Vrindts Y, De Groote D, Franchimont P, Lamy M. Cytokine serum level during severe sepsis and human IL-6 as a marker of severity. Ann Surg 1992; 215: 356–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hack C E, Hart M, Strack van Schijndel R JM, Eerenberg A JM, Nuijens J H, Thijs L G, Aarden L A. Interleukin-8 in sepsis: relation to shcok and inflammatory mediators. Infect Immunol 1992; 60: 2835–2842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey L C, Balk R A, Bone R C. Plasma cytokine and endotoxin levels correlate with survival in patients with the sepsis syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 771–778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villers D, Dao T, Nguyen J-M, Bironneau E, Godard A, Moreau M, De Groote D, Nicolas F, Soulillou J-P, Aneaon I. Increased plasma levels of human interleukin for DA1.a cells/leukemia inhibitor factor in sepsis correlate with shock and poor prognosis. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 232–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waage A, Halstensen A, Espevik T. Association between tumour necrosis factor in serum and fatal outcome in patients with meningococcal disease. Lancet 1987; 1: 355–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring P M, Waring L J, Metcalf D. Circulating leukemia inhibitory factor levels correlate with disease severity in menin-gococcemia. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 1224–1228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riesenfeld-Örn I, Wolpe S, Garcia-Bustos J F, Hoffmann M K, Tuomanen E. Production of interleukin-1 but not tumor necrosis factor by human monocytes stimulated with pneumococcal cell surface components. Infect Immun 1989; 57: 1890–1893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayston K, Tomlinson M, Cohen J. In-vitro stimulation of TNF-α from human whole blood by cell-free supernatants of gram-positive bacteria. Cytokine 1992; 4: 397–402
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houldsworth S, Andrew P W, Mitchell T J. Pneumolysin stimulates production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1β by human mononuclear phagocytes. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 1501–1503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norrby A, Norgren M, Holm S E. Elevated levels of inter-leukin 6 in serum of patients with serious group A streptococcal infections. Infection 1992; 20: 369–370
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Söderquist B, Sundqvist K G, Vikerfors T. Kinetics of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in patients with Staphylococcus aureus septicemia. Immunol Infect Dis 1994; 4: 235–242
   Google Scholar
• Norrby-Teglund A, Pauksens K, Norgren M, Holm S E. Correlation between serum TNF-α and IL6 levels and severity of group A streptococcal infections. Scand J Infect Dis 1995; 27: 125–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks J D, Marks C B, Luce J M, Montgomery A B, Turner J, Metz C A, Murray J F. Plasma tumor necrosis factor in patients with septic shock. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 94–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cebon J, Layton J E, Maher D, Morstyn G. Endogenous haematopoietic growth factors in neutropenia and infection. Br J Haematol 1994; 86: 265–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone R C. Gram-negative sepsis: A dilemma of modern medicine. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6: 57–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debets J MH, Kampmeijer R, van der Linden M PMH, Buurman W A, van der Linden C J. Plasma tumor necrosis factor and mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1989; 17: 489–494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offner F, Phillippé J, Vogelaers D, Colardyn F, Baele G, Baudrihave M, Vermeulen A, Leroux-Roels G. Serum tumor necrosis factor levels in patients with infectious disease and septic shock. J Lab Clin Med 1990; 116: 100–105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gårdlund B, Sjolin J, Nilsson A, Roll M, Wickerts C-J, Wretlind B. Plasma levels of cytokines in primary septic shock in humans: correlation with disease severity. J Infect Dis 1995; 172: 296–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engervall P, Granström M, Andersson B, Björkholm M. Monitoring of endotoxin, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein serum concentrations in neutropenic patients with fever. Eur J Haematol 1995; 54: 226–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauksens K, Elfman L, Ulfgren A-K, Venge P. Serum levels of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in bacterial and viral infections, and in atypical pneumonia. Br J Haematol 1994; 88: 256–260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darbonne W C, Rice G C, Mohler M A, Apple T, Hébert C A, Valente A J, Baker J B. Red blood cells are a sink for inter-leukin 8, a leukocyte chemotaxin. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1362–1369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heumann D, Barras C, Severin A, Glauser M P, Tomasz A. Gram-positive cell walls stimulate synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 by human monocytes. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 2715–2721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhakdi S, Klonisch T, Nuber P, Fischer W. Stimulation of monokine production by lipoteichoic acids. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 4614–4620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett S P, Stevens D L. Superantigens associated with staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor-β synthesis. J Infect Dis 1993; 168: 232–235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Norrby-Teglund A, Norgren M, Holm S E, Andersson U, Andersson J. Similar cytokine induction profiles of a novel streptococcal exotoxin, MF, and pyrogenic exotoxins A and B. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 3731–3738
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waring P, Wycherley K, Cary D, Nicola N, Metcalf D. Leukemia inhibitory factor levels are elevated in septic shock and various inflammatory body fluids. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 2031–2037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer P, Geissler K, Ward M, Metcalf D. Recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor induces acute phase proteins and raises the blood platelet counts in nonhuman primates. Blood 1993; 81: 3226–3233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins J M, Kuijper E, Mevissen M LCM, Speelman P, van Deventer S JH. Release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 during antibiotic killing of Escherichia coli in whole blood: influence of antibiotic class, antibiotic concentration, and presence of septic serum. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 2236–2242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins J M, van Agtmael M A, Kuijper E J, van Deventer S JH, Speelman P. Antibiotic-induced endotoxin release in patients with gram-negative urosepsis: a double-blind study comparing imipenem and ceftazidime. J Infect Dis 1995; 172: 886–891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar