References
- Anjilvel S, Asgharian B. (1995). A multiple-path model of particle deposition in the rat lung. Fundam Appl Toxicol 28:41–50.
- Bailey MR, Fry FA, James AC. (1982). The long-term clearance kinetics of insoluble particles from the human lung. Ann Occup Hyg 26:273–290.
- Borgström L, Olsson B, Thorsson L. (2006). Degree of throat deposition can explain the variability in lung deposition of inhaled drugs. J Aerosol Med 19:473–483.
- Clark B, Smith D. (1986). An introduction to pharmacokinetics (2nd edition), Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, p 19.
- Crompton GK. (1991). Dry powder inhalers: Advantages and limitations. J Aerosol Med 4:151–156.
- Driscoll KE, Carter JM, Howard BW, Hassenbein DG, Pepelko W, Baggs RB, Oberdörster G. (1996). Pulmonary inflammatory, chemokine, and mutagenic responses in rats after subchronic inhalation of carbon black. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 136:372–380.
- Edsbäcker S, Johansson CJ. (2006). Airway selectivity: An update of pharmacokinetic factors affecting local and systemic disposition of inhaled steroids. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 98:523–536.
- Elder A, Gelein R, Finkelstein JN, Driscoll KE, Harkema J, Oberdörster G. (2005). Effects of subchronically inhaled carbon black in three species. I. Retention kinetics, lung inflammation, and histopathology. Toxicol Sci 88:614–629.
- Geiser M, Baumann M, Cruz-Orive LM, Im Hof V, Waber U, Gehr P. (1994). The effect of particle inhalation on macrophage number and phagocytic activity in the intrapulmonary conducting airways of hamsters. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 10:594–603.
- Green FHY. (2000). Pulmonary responses to inhaled poorly-soluble particulates in humans. Inhal Toxicol 17:59–95.
- International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Risk Science Institute Workshop Participants (2000). The relevance of the rat lung response to particle overload for human risk assessment: A workshop consensus report. Inhal Toxicol 12:1–17.
- Kwon Y. (2001). Handbook of essential pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and drug metabolism for industrial scientists. New York: Kluwer academic/Plenum publishers.
- Lee KP, Henry NW 3rd, Trochimowicz HJ, Reinhardt CF. (1986). Pulmonary response to impaired lung clearance in rats following excessive TiO2 dust deposition. Environ Res 41:144–167.
- Martin JC, Daniel H, LeBouffant L. (1977). Short and Long-term experimental study of the toxicity of coal-mine dust and some of its constituents. In Inhaled particles IV (proceedings of an International Symposium organized by the British Occupational Hygeine Society, 22–26th Sep 1975) PartI (WH Walton and B. McGovern, Eds.) pp 361–371. Pergamon Press, Edinburgh
- Miller FJ. (2000). Dosimetry of particles in laboratory animals and humans in relationship to issues surrounding lung overload and human health risk assessment: A critical review. Inhal Toxicol 12:19–57.
- Mitchell JP, Nagel MW, Wiersema KJ, Doyle CC. (2003). Aerodynamic particle size analysis of aerosols from pressurized metered-dose inhalers: Comparison of Andersen 8-stage cascade impactor, next generation pharmaceutical impactor, and model 3321 Aerodynamic Particle Sizer aerosol spectrometer. AAPS PharmSciTech 4:E54.
- Oberdörster G, Ferin J, Morrow PE. (1992). Volumetric loading of alveolar macrophages (AM): A possible basis for diminished AM-mediated particle clearance. Exp Lung Res 18:87–104.
- Oberdörster G. (2002). Toxicokinetics and effects of fibrous and nonfibrous particles. Inhal Toxicol 14:29–56.
- Rowland M, Tozer TN. (2006). Introduction to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: The quantitative basis of drug therapy Baltimore, MD, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, P192
- Schlesinger RB. (1985). Comparative deposition of inhaled aerosols in experimental animals and humans: A review. J Toxicol Environ Health 15:197–214.
- Snipes MB, McClellan RO, Mauderly JL, Wolff RK. (1989). Retention patterns for inhaled particles in the lung: Comparisons between laboratory animals and humans for chronic exposures. Health Phys 57 Suppl 1:69–77; discussion 77.
- Snipes MB. (1995). Pulmonary retention of particles and fibers. Concepts in Inhalation Toxicology (2nd ed), Washington DC: Taylor and Francis, 9, 217.
- Warheit DB, Hansen JF, Yuen IS, Kelly DP, Snajdr SI, Hartsky MA. (1997). Inhalation of high concentrations of low toxicity dusts in rats results in impaired pulmonary clearance mechanisms and persistent inflammation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 145:10–22.