Effects of single or repeated silymarin administration on pharmacokinetics of risperidone and its major metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone in rats

References

• Anonymous. (2007). First drug to treat irritability associated with autism. FDA Consum 41:4–4.
   Google Scholar
• Achira M, Suzuki H, Ito K, Sugiyama Y. (1999). Comparative studies to determine the selective inhibitors for P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P4503A4. AAPS PharmSci 1:E18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aravagiri M, Marder SR, Wirshing D, Wirshing WC. (1998). Plasma concentrations of risperidone and its 9-hydroxy metabolite and their relationship to dose in schizophrenic patients: simultaneous determination by a high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Pharmacopsychiatry 31:102–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayrton A, Morgan P. (2001). Role of transport proteins in drug absorption, distribution and excretion. Xenobiotica 31:469–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodó A, Bakos E, Szeri F, Váradi A, Sarkadi B. (2003). The role of multidrug transporters in drug availability, metabolism and toxicity. Toxicol Lett 140-141:133–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton DW, DeVane CL, Liston HL, Markowitz JS. (2002). In vitro P-glycoprotein affinity for atypical and conventional antipsychotics. Life Sci 71:163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavaliere C, Rea P, Lynch M, Blumenthal M. (2010). Herbal Supplement sales rise in all channels in 2009. HerbalGram 86:62–65.
   Google Scholar
• Choi JS, Li X. (2005). The effect of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 24:95–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiCenzo R, Shelton M, Jordan K, Koval C, Forrest A, Reichman R, Morse G. (2003). Coadministration of milk thistle and indinavir in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy 23:866–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ereshefsky L, Lacombe S. (1993). Pharmacological profile of risperidone. Can J Psychiatry 38 Suppl 3:S80–S88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ereshefsky L, Riesenman C, Lam YW. (1995). Antidepressant drug interactions and the cytochrome P450 system. The role of cytochrome P450 2D6. Clin Pharmacokinet 29 Suppl 1:10–8; discussion 18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fromm MF. (2000). P-glycoprotein: a defense mechanism limiting oral bioavailability and CNS accumulation of drugs. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 38:69–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fugh-Berman A, Ernst E. (2001). Herb–drug interactions: review and assessment of report reliability. Br J ClinPharmacol 52:587–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazák R, Walterová D, Kren V. (2007). Silybin and silymarin–new and emerging applications in medicine. Curr Med Chem 14:315–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurley BJ, Barone GW, Williams DK, Carrier J, Breen P, Yates CR, Song PF, Hubbard MA, Tong Y, Cheboyina S. (2006). Effect of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) supplementation on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 34:69–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurley BJ, Swain A, Hubbard MA, Williams DK, Barone G, Hartsfield F, Tong Y, Carrier DJ, Cheboyina S, Battu SK. (2008). Clinical assessment of CYP2D6-mediated herb-drug interactions in humans: effects of milk thistle, black cohosh, goldenseal, kava kava, St. John’s wort, and Echinacea. Mol Nutr Food Res 52:755–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han Y, Guo D, Chen Y, Tan ZR, Zhou HH. (2009). Effect of continuous silymarin administration on oral talinolol pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica 39:694–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbal supplements and remedies: Market research report (2011). Global Industry Analysts.
   Google Scholar
• Hennessy M, Kelleher D, Spiers JP, Barry M, Kavanagh P, Back D, Mulcahy F, Feely J. (2002). St Johns wort increases expression of P-glycoprotein: implications for drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 53:75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannides C. (2002). Pharmacokinetic interactions between herbal remedies and medicinal drugs. Xenobiotica 32:451–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johne A, Brockmöller J, Bauer S, Maurer A, Langheinrich M, Roots I. (1999). Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Clin Pharmacol Ther 66:338–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CK, Choi JS. (2010). Effects of silibinin, inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein in vitro, on the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel after oral and intravenous administration in rats. Pharmacology 85:350–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JH. (2003). Drug-drug interaction mediated by inhibition and induction of P-glycoprotein. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:53–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JH, Yamazaki M. (2003). Role of P-glycoprotein in pharmacokinetics: clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 42:59–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Diane M. (2009). Submission to NIOSH Docket on Hazardous Drug Listing: Risperidone. [Online] Available at: www.cdv.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-105-A/0105-A-080709-FariaE_sub.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mills E, Wilson K, Clarke M, Foster B, Walker S, Rachlis B, DeGroot N, Montori VM, Gold W, Phillips E, Myers S, Gallicano K. (2005). Milk thistle and indinavir: a randomized controlled pharmacokinetics study and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 61:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagami T, Yasui-Furukori N, Saito M, Tateishi T, Kaneo S. (2005). Effect of verapamil on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of risperidone: in vivo evidence of involvement of P-glycoprotein in risperidone disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 78:43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padowski JM, Pollack GM. (2010). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic implications of P-glycoprotein modulation. Methods Mol Biol 596:359–384.
   Google Scholar
• Palasciano G, Portincasa P, Palmieri V, Ciani D, Vendemiale G, Altomare E. (1994). The effect of silymarin on plasma levels of malon-dialdehyde in patients receiving long-term treatment with psychotropic drugs. Curr Ther Res 55:537–545.
   Google Scholar
• Park JH, Park JH, Hur HJ, Woo JS, Lee HJ. (2012). Effects of silymarin and formulation on the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 45:296–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelkonen O, Turpeinen M, Hakkola J, Honkakoski P, Hukkanen J, Raunio H. (2008). Inhibition and induction of human cytochrome P450 enzymes: current status. Arch Toxicol 82:667–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Victoria JM, Pérez-Victoria FJ, Conseil G, Maitrejean M, Comte G, Barron D, Di Pietro A, Castanys S, Gamarro F. (2001). High-affinity binding of silybin derivatives to the nucleotide-binding domain of a Leishmania tropica P-glycoprotein-like transporter and chemosensitization of a multidrug-resistant parasite to daunomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:439–446.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Welden N, Gallicano KD, Falloon J. (2002). The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. Clin Infect Dis 34:234–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posadzki P, Watson L, Ernst E. (2012). Herb-drug interactions: an overview of systematic reviews. Br J Clin Pharmacol doi: 10.1111/J-1365-2125.2012.04350.x (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• Saller R, Meier R, Brignoli R. (2001). The use of silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases. Drugs 61:2035–2063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saller R, Brignoli R, Melzer J, Meier R. (2008). An updated systematic review with meta-analysis for the clinical evidence of silymarin. Forsch Komplementmed 15:9–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tirona RG, Bailey DG. (2006). Herbal product-drug interactions mediated by induction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 61:677–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velussi M, Cernigoi AM, De Monte A, Dapas F, Caffau C, Zilli M. (1997). Long-term (12 months) treatment with an anti-oxidant drug (silymarin) is effective on hyperinsulinemia, exogenous insulin need and malondialdehyde levels in cirrhotic diabetic patients. J Hepatol 26:871–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JS, Ruan Y, Taylor RM, Donovan JL, Markowitz JS, DeVane CL. (2004). The brain entry of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone is greatly limited by P-glycoprotein. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 7:415–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JW, Lin LC, Hung SC, Chi CW, Tsai TH. (2007). Analysis of silibinin in rat plasma and bile for hepatobiliary excretion and oral bioavailability application. J Pharm Biomed Anal 45:635–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar