Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of felodipine in the dog after oral and intravenous administration of a pseudoracemic mixture

References

• Ahnoff M., Ervik M., Johansson L. Comparison of high-selectivity gas chromatographic methods, including column switching, for the determination of felodipine in plasma. Journal of Chromatography 1987; 394: 419–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariens E. J. Stereochemistry, a basis for sophisticated nonsense in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1984; 26: 663–668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariens E. J., Wuis E. W. Bias in pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1987; 42: 361–363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäärnhielm C., Skånberg I., Borg K. O. Cytochrome P-450-dependent oxidation of felodipine—a 1,4-dihydropyridine—to the corresponding pyridine. Xenobiotica 1984; 14: 719–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäärnhielm C., Dahlbäck H., Skånberg I. In vivo pharmacokinetics of felodipine predicted from in vitro studies in rat, dog and man. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 1986a; 59: 113–122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bäärnhielm C., Backman A., Hoffmann K. J., Weidolf L. Biotransformation of felodipine in liver microsomes from rat, dog, and man. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 1986b; 14: 613–618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collste P., Danielsson M., Elmfeldt D., Feleke E., Gelin A., Hedner T., Ryden L. Long term experience of felodipine in combination with β-blockade and diuretics in refractory hypertension. Drugs 1985; 29(Suppl. 2)117–123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Camp W. H. The FDA perspective on the development of stereoisomers. Chirality 1989; 1: 2–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drayer D. E. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences between drug enantiomers in humans: an overview. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1986; 40: 125–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar B., Regårdh C. G., Johnsson G., Johansson L., Lundborg P., Löfberg I., Rönn O. Felodipine kinetics in healthy men. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1985; 38: 205–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar B., Regårdh C. G., Attman P. O., Aurell M., Herlitz H., Johansson G. Pharmacokinetics of felodipine in patients with impaired renal function. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1989; 27: 67–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson U. G., Lundahl J., Bäärnhielm C., Regårdh C. G. Stereoselective metabolism of felodipine in liver microsomes from rat, dog and man. Abstract, Third European Symposium on Foreign Compound Metabolism. July, 13–161989. ISSX, London
   Google Scholar
• Hedner T., Samuelsson O., Sjögren E., Elmfeldt D. Treatment of essential hypertension with felodipine in combination with a diuretic. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1986; 30: 133–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hof R. P., Hof A., Ruegg U. T., Cook N. S., Vogel A. Stereoselectivity at the calcium channel: different profiles of hemodynamic activity of the enantiomers of the dihydropyridine derivative PN 200–110. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1986; 8: 221–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann K. J., Andersson L. Metabolism of ‘14C’felodipine, a new vasodilating drug, in healthy volunteers. Drugs 1987; 34: 43–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann K. J., Weidolf L. Identification of felodipine metabolites in rat urine. Biomedical Mass Spectrometry 1985; 12: 414–423
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamm B., Simonsson R., Sundell S. Synthesis of the enantiomers of felodipine and determination of their absolute configuration. Tetrahedron Letters 1989; 30: 6423–6426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonetti G., Gradnik R., Terzoli L., Fruscio M., Rupeli L., Zanchetti A. Felodipine, a new vasodilating drug: blood pressure, cardiac, renal and humoral effects in hypertensive patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1984; 6: 392–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljung B. Vascular selectivity of felodipine. Drugs 1985; 29(Suppl. 2)46–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mace P. J. E., Stallard T. J., Littlev W. A. Felodipine in hypertension. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1985; 29: 383–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niwa T., Tokuma Y., Nakagawa K., Noguchi H., Yamazoe Y., Kato R. Stereoselective oxidation and plasma protein binding of nilvadipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, in man. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 1988; 60: 161–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niwa T., Tokuma Y., Nakagawa K., Noguchi H. Stereoselective oxidation of nilvadipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonst, in rat and dog liver. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 1989; 17: 64–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regårdh C. G., Bäärnhielm C., Edgar B., Hoffmann K.-J. Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. Progress in Drug Metabolism, G. G. Gibson. Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 1990; Vol. 12: 41–86
   Google Scholar
• Statistical Consultants, Inc. PCNONLIN and NONLIN84: Software for the statistical analysis of nonlinear models. American Statistician 1986; 40
   Google Scholar
• Sutfin T. A., Gabrielsson M., Regårdh C. G. Effects of biliary excretion of felodipine and metabolites in the rat. Xenobiotica 1987; 17: 1203–1214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takenaka T., Miyazaki I., Asano M., Higuchi S., Maeno H. Vasodilator and hypotensive effects of the optical isomers of nicardipine (YC–93), a new Ca2+-antagonist. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 1982; 32: 665–670
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tokuma Y., Fujiwara T., Noguchi H. Plasma levels of (+)- and (-)-nilvadipine after oral dosing with racemic nilvadipine in man. Research Comminications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 1987; 57: 229–237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tokuma Y., Fujiwara T., Niwa T., Hashimoto T., Noguchi H. Stereoselective disposition of nilvadipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, in the rat and dog. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 1989; 63: 249–262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Towart R., Weihinger E., Meyer H., Kaxda S. The effects of nimodipine, its optical isomers and metabolites on isolated vascular smooth muscle. Arnzneimittel-Forschung 1982; 32: 338–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triggle D. J. Calcium Blockers: Mechanism of action and clinical applications, S. F. Flaim, R. Zelis. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich 1982; 121
   Google Scholar
• Wang S. X., Sutfin T. A., Bäärnhielm C., Regårdh C. G. Contribution of the intestine to the first-pass metabolism of felodipine in the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1989; 250: 632–636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidolf L., Borg K. O., Hoffmann K. J. Urinary metabolites of felodipine, a new vasodilator drug, in man, dog, rat, and mouse. Xenobiotica 1984; 14: 657–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams K., Lee E. Importance of drug enantiomers in clinical pharmacology. Drugs 1985; 30: 333–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar