References
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- Modern medical education and health care represent a transition from “MDs prerogative” to “people's right”. China has attempted a far-reaching, pragmatic solution that may serve as a world model
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- Western-style medical education. begun by missionaries, was greatly hampered by the Japanese occupation. medical schools were operating. despite shortages of textbooks and equipment, westernChina 1944; 27
- Frances W. House of a Thousand Babies: experiences of an American woman physician in China (. Exposition Press. 1968; 1922–1940, King-Salmon) (Jericho, NY
- Autobiography of a woman physician's teaching and medical practice in Margaret Williamson Hospital, Shanghai
- Medicine in Chinese Cultures: comparative studies of health care in Chinese and other societies. DHEW Publication, Washington, DC 1975; 75–653, KleinmanArthur et al. (Eds) (no. (NIH)
- Conference papers. 1974, about medicine in Chinese communities in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Taiwan, the US., and elsewhere; the historical and cultural influence of Chinese medicine; and medical practice in the People's Republic of China
- Dany L. Health for the millions. China News Analysis 1969; 738(3)1–7, La January)
- revolutionary committees replaced old administrative bodies in medical colleges. 1969, In
- David M. Trends in health policy. Current Scene: developments in mainland China 1974; 12(6)1–9, Lampton
- Despite Mao's. Canton 1971, lengthened its course to 3 1/2 years
- Rance P. Comparative studies of health care systems. Social Science and Medicine 1982; 16(6)629–642, Lee,. L. (
- Compares health care systems of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Foresees wider diffusion of Western medical training and practice as well as continuing interest in traditional medicine
- William G. Medical missions, in: Petty. Laymen's Foreign Mission Fact-finders' Report: China, Vol, A. Orville, New York 1933; 425–501, Supplementary series. Part two,LennoxV., Harper).
- Discusses missionary and non-missionary medical education. schools of dentistry and pharmacy, training of nurses and midwives, and the role of missions in providing health care
- Lessof, Maurice & Dale, Jeremy. 1979. Meeting enormous health needs: medical education, 1979; 87: 15–19, China Now
- China had 12,000 trained physicians in 1949 (needed half a million) and 48,474 in 1959, plus 263,000 middle grade doctors. Describes shorter training of middle grade doctors and barefoot doctors, policy for urban and rural placement of medical personnel, and types of medical specialization
- Lim R. K., Wang G. H. Physiological sciences, in: Gould. Sciences in Communist China, H. Sidney. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC 1961; 323–362
- History of medical education. influence of the West, research institutes, and aspects of medical physiology
- John Day, New York 1951, Lin, HazelThe Physicians: a novel
- Novel whose heroine, Hsiao-Chen, studied medicine in China and the U.S. She credited her success in kidney research to a combination of Western medicine and teaching she received about Chinese medicine from her Peking grandfather, a physician
- Lindsay K. Where patients and doctors help train each other Discusses medical education curricula, admissions policy, ideology, and status of women in medicine, as observed at Sun Yat-sen Medical College and Sin Hwa Medical College. Health Rights News 1972; 5(6)13
- Lu, Wei-po & Yu, Yung-ching. Learning from Ancient China's medicine. China Reconstructs 1959; 8: 32–34
- Two medical graduate students outline their two-and-a-half year study program at the Research Institute for Chinese Traditional Medicine, Peking
- Lubic R. W. Observations on nursing and midwifery education. Report of the Medical Delegation to the People's Republic of China. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 1973; 136–138
- With nursing and midwifery schools closed in 1966 (Cultural Revolution, informal apprenticeship training was given. When re-opened, nursing programs lasted two years after junior middle school
- McLennan H. Canadian visitor sees medicine in China and is impressed. Science Forum 1973; 6(5)23–25
- Medical teams of ten or more from larger urban hospitals who spend a year in the countryside provide continuing medical education for barefoot doctors. Massive public health education campaigns have instilled pride in personal hygiene and physical fitness
- Maddin S. Medicine in China today. Eastern Horizon 1972; 11(6)31–36
- Observer notes shortened medical education and how high school graduates with barefoot doctor or nursing experience are selected for medical school entrance
- Mann F. Chinese traditional medicine: a practitioner's view. China Quarterly 1965; 23: 28–36
- Separate medical schools train practitioners in traditional Chinese medicine and Western scientific medicine, and hospitals are staffed with both kinds of physicians
- Medical education in the People's Republic of China. Journal of the National Medical Association 1973; 65(1)8–10, Mann, Marion
- Reports on the program at Chung Shan Medical College in Canton, visited in 1972
- Medicine in China. Medical World News 1972; 13(2)51–62
- Cultural Revolution thrust medical training and care to rural areas. 1971, Describes medical educationas lasting 3 years, with graduates expected to return to their own communities
- Medicine in People's Republic of China. Journal of the American Medical Association 1972; 222(9)1179, reprise
- , Endorses E. Grey Dimond's view that Chinese medical practices should not be judged by strict Western scientific standards. Medical students include many former barefoot doctors
- Mellander O. Health services and medical education in china: a brief report. Amsterdam, Netherlands, Associated Scientific. 1974; 153–167, Human Rights in Health
- Medical education entrance requirements, curriculum, rural hospital internship, and cost to students
- Mental hygiene and health education. The Educational Research, 2 1934, 1, entire issue
- Published semi-annually by the College of Education, National Central University, Nanking
- Impact of Science on Society 1973; 23(1)29–41, Minkowski, AlexandreHealth of mother and child the experience in the People's Republic of China, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and Cuba
- Training of health care personnel for mothers and children in China, Vietnam, and Cuba
- Miura U. Preservation of health in Manchuria together with a short history of hygienics: with special reference to the Medical College of Manchuria. Japanese Journal of Hygiene 1968; 23: 332–338
- Described are Medicine Academy of Southern Manchuria, the Medical University of Manchuria, the Medical Education Institute of Manchuria, the Medical University of Sheng-Ching, and several research institutes in health training and care
- Educational aspects of acupuncture and electrotherapeutics: the system of education in traditional Chinese medicine for Chinese and foreign students. Acupuncture and Electrotherapeutics Research 1979; 4: 3–4, Miyakawa, Mari239250
- Japanese physician describes a course for foreign students at Peking Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine which combines traditional Chinese and Western medicine, No basic training in the natural sciences is offered
- Morita N. Nursing in Red China. Japanese Journal of Nursing 1966; 60: 84–85
- Describes nursing education. Stress is on preventive medicine., four years of university education (after high school graduation); and medical education: four years of university education in Western and traditional medicine, plus 2 years practical training. Most doctors and almost all pediatricians are female
- NMA China visit. Journal of the National Medical Association 1973; 65, entire issue
- On medical education and various aspects of medical care observed by National Medical Association visitors to China
- Human Organization 1975; 34(3)237–251, New, Peter Kong-Ming & New, Mary LouieThe links between health and the political structure in New China
- Barefoot doctors in historical, social, and comparative contexts., Concluded that barefoot doctors would encounter difficulties in other cultures
- Orientation of the revolution in medical education as seen in the growth of “barefoot doctors”. Peking Review 1968; 11(38)18–22, report of an investigation, Shanghai
- Training for barefoot doctors, who are half-time farm workers, stresses prevention as the first step toward good public health
- Orleans A Leo. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1974, Health Policies and Services in China, 1974
- Training of health care and medical manpower before and since the Cultural Revolution
- Orleans A Leo. Medical education and manpower in Communist China. Comparative Education Review 1969; 13: 20–42
- The Cultural Revolution will be little short of disastrous in its effect on the educational system and particularly on the production of higher level medical personnel
- Orleans A Leo. Medical scientists, in. National Science Foundation, Washington, DC 1961; 134–142, Professional Manpower and Education in Communist China
- In 1958 China gave traditional doctors the same status as Western medical practitioners, By 1961 the number of physicians was still inadequate, rural areas were served mainly by subprofessionals, and 40% of medical students were women
- Penfield W. China mission accomplished. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1967; 97: 468–470
- In 1962, 500,000 traditional physicians were practicing. Describes Canadian medical missionaries Norman Bethune and Leslie Kilborn, 100,000 doctors had been trained in Western medicine, there were Western medical colleges in every province except Tibet, larger city teaching hospitals seemed first rate, and medical research was progressing
- Penfield W. Oriental renaissance in education and medicine. Science 1963; 141(3586)1153–1161
- Observations on medical education in Peking, Shanghai, and elsewhere and survey of medical education achievements and shortcomings. 1949–1962
- Perez Joel. Barefoot Doctors, Occasional Paper No. 1977, 77-4, ERIC ED 141 263 (Stony Brook, State University of New York, American Historical Association Faculty Development Program
- Recruitment of rural paramedical personnel (barefoot doctors) began after Mao's 1965 call for increased rural medical and health care, Formal training lasts 3 to 6 months and is followed by on-the-job training
- Pickowicz P. G. Barefoot doctors in China: people, politics and paramedicine. Eastern Horizon 1971; 11: 25–38
- Recruitment and training of barefoot doctors and the disadvantages of long, expensive medical education
- Poric'kyj A. J., Pryxod'ko M. P. Vyvčajmo Narodnu Medycynu (Let us study folk medicine. In Ukranian. 1965; 9: 69–72, Folk in Ukranian Creativity & Ethnography4
- Urging that folk medicine in the USSR be more seriously examined, the author points to China's four institutes of folk medicine and related activities
- Quijada Cerda O. A. Algunos aspectos de la ensenanza medica (Aspects of medical training. Santiago, Chile, Horizonte, In Spanish 1962; 149–170, Medicina en China
- Eighty Western-style medical schools established since 1949, and four traditional medical schools. Mao's urging of mobilization for improved health led to 1952 Patriotic Health Movement to speed up medical personnel training. Curriculum of some medical schools discussed.
- Rapp Fred. The pioneering effort of the People's Republic of China in medical education and medical care. Journal of General Education 1974; 26(3)241–248
- Describes medical education, care, and research
- Reeves William, Jr. Sino-American cooperation in medicine: the origins of Hsiang-ya. Papers on China. Reprinted in. 1960; 14: 1902–1914; 161–214, Kwang-Ching Liu1966American Missionaries in China: papers from Harvard seminars128182
- , Development and growth of the Yale medical mission to China through 1914 (when an agreement for a Yale-Hunan-sponsored medical school and hospital was signed); examines problems inherent in such a mission and discusses problems peculiar to Yale's activity in cooperating with Hunan gentry
- Revolutionaries of a medical college denounce the revisionist line in education. Peking Review 1968; 11(17)16–18
- At China Medical College the goal is to reform medical education in order to improve rural health care
- Revolutionisation of Medical Education. Summary of World Broadcasts 1969, 3 May, FE-3064-B-2-B-3
- Describes “re-education” of Anhwei Medical College faculty and students who in December 1968walked to the countryside to learn from peasants about their health needs.
- Rifkin B Susan. Health care in China. Impact 1977; 12(4)128–134
- Examines the barefoot doctor program, low-cost approach to expanding rural health care. Cites similar programs in the Philippines and Indonesia. A common basic principle is that training reflects local conditions.
- Rosen Samuel. Acupuncture and Chinese medical practices. Volta Review 1974; 76(6)340–350
- Describes a pilot study of acupuncture treatment of 40 deaf children, ages 9-15, No significant improvement was found
- Rosen Samuel. Treatment of severe neuro-sensory hearing loss with acupuncture. Rehabilitation World 1976; 2(1)16–17
- Concludes that 1-4 years of acupuncture treatment results in hearing improvement in children with serious hearing loss
- Rosenthal M Marilyn. Health care in the PRC. Medical Anthropology Newsletter 1982; 13(2)3–4
- Health care quality is uneven but the goal is to professionalize barefoot doctors, improve facilities, and encourage Western training
- Rosenthal M Marilynn. The barefoot doctors of China: from political creation to professionalization. Human Organization 1982; 41(4)330–341
- Found on 1979 and 1981 visits that China's goal is to professionalize barefoot doctors by giving medical training and requiring certification
- Said H. M. Karachi, Pakistan, Hamdard Academy. 1965, Medicine in China
- , History of medicine in China, Western influence, and the merging of traditional and Western medicine as observed in 1963. Describes curricula and textbooks at seven medical institutions
- Salaff J. W. Physician heal thyself. Far Eastern Economic Review 1968; 44: 291–293
- Cultural Revolution closed medical schools and shifted emphasis in health care, training was shortened, theory downplayed, and rural health needs given priority
- Schneider Laurence A. The Rockefeller Foundation, the China Foundation, and the development of modern science in China. 1982; 16(12)1217–1221, Social Science and Medicine
- In China,1920s-1930s. the Rockefeller Foundation tried to build a scientific infrastructure and used the Johns Hopkins model of combining medical training, clinical practice, and research
- Shimizu Hiroshi. Acupuncture treatment for deafness: an eyewitness report. 1974; 76(5)290–292, Volta Review Found no evidence that acupuncture improved the hearing of aurally handicapped children.
- Sidel Ruth. Social services in China. 1972; 17(6)5–13, Social Work
- Describes training methods for paraprofessional medical and other social service workers
- Sidel Ruth. Women in medicine in the People's Republic of China. 1973; 12(4)57–60, Eastern Horizon
- Although few women physicians are on medical school faculties or administrative staffs, women compose about half of medical students and have working conditions conducive to combining a medical career with marriage and motherhood
- Sidel W Victor. The barefoot doctors of the People's Republic of China. 1972; 286: 1292–1300, New England Journal of Medicine
- Over a million paramedical barefoot doctors have improved sanitation, health care, and health education.
- Sidel W Victor. Medical education in the People's Republic of China. 1972; 21(5)284–291, New Physician
- Overview of the pattern of medical education existing in late. 1971
- Sidel W Victor. Medical personnel and their training, in: Quinn. Bethesda, MD, DHEW Publication No. (NIH. 1972; 153–171, JosephR. (Ed.) Medicine and Public Health in the People's Republic of China7367
- After, Western-style and traditional medicine were integrated; and middle medical schools were established to train junior middie school graduates for 3 years as assistant doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, radiologists, and others. Cultural Revolution changes shifted medical care and training from urban to rural areas, using barefoot doctors (3 months' training), worker doctors (1-month training), Red Guard doctors (10 days' training). Medical school entrance requirements were based on ideological commitment, shortened training, and practical over theoretical training.
- Sidel W Victor (1973) Role and training of medical personnel. Public Health in the People's Republic of China: report of a conference. 1973. Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, New York, 158–168, WegunM.E. et al. (Eds)
- Medical education. included decentralized service and training, Western-style and traditional medical training, emphasis on skills rather than credentials, stress on paraprofessionals and middle level medical training. Professionals were being 're-educated' by rural work periods, and emphasis was on service rather than reward. 1971
- Sidel W Victor. Serve the people: medical care in the People's Republic of China. 1972; 4: 3–30, Asia
- Describes public health services and the work of Sun Yat-sen Medical School.
- Sidel W Victor. V. Medical education. Serve the People: observations on medicine in the People's Republic of China. Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, New York 1973; 111–126
- History of medical education. including postgraduate medical education, pre- and post-Cultural Revolution (Peking Medical College and other institutions as examples), barefoot doctors, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, various Chinese medical journals, training of health care workers, and traditional and Western medical education
- Sieh Marie. Doctors and patients. Chinese Society Under Communism: a reader, W. T. Liu. John Wiley, New York 1967; 381–394
- Administration, training, curriculum, and responsibilities of western-style physicians and traditional practitioners
- Marie Sieh. Medicine in China: wealth for the state. 1964; 3(5)1–12, Parts I & II, Current Scene: developments in mainland China, 115 Refugees from China describe medical care, training, and curriculum (1964): Western-trained doctors take a 6–year course, students perform 2 months of rural manual labor, graduates are assigned jobs regardless of personal wishes, qualified nurses have 2 years of study plus 2 years of experience, and political zealots are sent for medical apprenticeship to rural areas under a medical doctor.
- Margaret Stanley. Gunfire, shepherd's flute and an American nurse. 1977; 16(4)36–41, Eastern Horizon
- Nurse describes teaching public health near Yenan. 1947
- Stanley Margaret. A slow journey home. Eastern Horizon 1977; 16(7)4–45
- Nurse describes helping train medical staff. 1947, International Peace Hospital, Yenan
- Stiftung Deutsche Medizinschule für Chinesen in Schanghai (The founding of the German School of Medicine for Chinese in Shanghai. In German. 2: 590–593, China-Archiv, 11
- Traditionelle und Moderne Medizin in China (Traditional and modern medicine in China). In German. 1969; 32: 1759–1763, SulzmannR., Medizinische Welt
- Shortage of physicians and poor rural health conditions illustrate why the Cultural Revolution increased barefoot doctors. sent medical faculties and students to the countryside, and shortened medical training, allowing a traditional as well as scientific curriculum
- Richard Peter Suttmeier. The Academy of Medical Sciences, in: Quinn. Medicine and Public Health in the People's Republic of China. DC, DHEW Publication No. (NIH), Washington 1973; 173–190, JosephR.7367
- Chinese Academy of Sciences. followed the USSR model with departments (from 1956) of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biological sciences, earth sciences, and technical sciences. 1954, Similarly, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (1956) included departments of bacteriology and immunology, biochemistry, chemistry, hygiene, internal medicine, microbiology, nutrition, obstetrics and gynaecology, pathology, experimental morphology, pharmaceutical chemistry, therapeutics, physiology, sanitation, surgery, and virology. Also covers post-Cultural Revolution medical research.
- Szeming Sze. The education of Chinese medical students abroad. 1936; 1(3)61–64, China Quarterly
- Cites the expense and cultural disadvantages of extended medical study abroad, praises improved medical education since 1927 when the permanent government Commission on Medical Education began building a national system of medical schools (aided by the unofficial Chinese Medical Association), and recommends postgraduate 1- or 2-year medical courses abroad
- Taipale Vappu, Taipale Ilkka. On Chinese psychiatry: a visit to a Chinese mental hospital. Helsinki, Academic Bookstore. 1973; 79–85, in: Psychiatria Fennica 1973; Yearbook of the Psychiatric Clinic of the Helsinki University Central Hospital
- After. influenced by the USSR, dropped psychoanalytical theories and used Pavlovian theory and biological psychiatry
- T'ao Lee. Some statistics on medical schools in China for. Chinese Medical Journal 1933; 47(10)1932–1933, 1029–1039
- Analyzes statistics from 27 medical schools with 3528 students. 1932–33, supported as follows: national government, four medical schools; provinces, five medical schools; private, 16; and the army, two medical schools
- T'ao Lee. Some statistics on medical schools in China for the year. Chinese Medical Journal 1935; 49(9)1933–1934, 894–902
- Medical education of Chinese women. 1933; 47(lo)1010–1028, TaoS.M., Chinese Medical Journal, Because women patients were reluctant to be treated by male physicians, admission of women to medical schools began in 1879. Women's medical colleges were opened in Canton, 1899; Soochow, 1891; and Peking, 1908. In193233China had 24 co-educational medical schools and two for women only. Ratio of women to men doctors was one to ten, and medicine was the only profession in which women were firmly established
- Kathleen Teltsch. 7 from China renew a link to US. New York Times 1980, 21 January, pp. B1, B3. Seven Chinese scientists at Rockefeller University, NY, renewed ties begun when John D. Rockefeller founded, 1913, Peking Union Medical College, nationalized by the Communists in 1951. In 1980 the Rockefeller Foundation voted $350,000 to establish in Peking a modern research institute in reproductive biology
- Visit to the People's Republic of China. 1967; 97: 349–360, Thomson R.K. MacKenzie W.C., Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Findings about medical education during visits to eight medical research centers
- Training in Medicine. China News Analysis 1965; 577: 1–7
- Training and apprenticeship at China Medical University (formerly Peking Union Medical College) and elsewhere in Western-style medicine and in traditional herbal medicine (includes evening medical schools and half-study-half-work medical schoo, ls).
- Training red doctors from among the workers. Peking Review 1969; 12(5)17–18
- Shanghai factories and plants are responding to Mao's directive for more medical workers by approving workers recommended for their ideological zeal who want to be sent to hospitals for medical training
- Yu-ch'uang Ts'ang. Ocherk istorii anatomii v Kitae. K 10-Letiyu Kitaiskoi Narodnoi Respubliki (Outline of the History of Anatomy in China. On the 10th Anniversary of the Chinese People's Republic. Arkhiv Anatomii, Gistologii i Embriologii. Russian 1959; 37: 3–16, 10
- Discusses two Chinese books describing medical science over past, especially the development, teaching, and organization of anatomy; includes the activities of the Chinese Association of Anatomists
- Sinchjun Tzin. Sanitarnoe Prosveshchenie v Kitaiskoi Narodnoi Respublike (Sanitation Education in the Chinese People's Republic). Smerskoe Zdravokhranenie. Russian 1955; 2: 56–60
- Describes China's program to educate the people in sanitation and hygiene patterned after the USSR program.
- UNESCO. The Healthy Village: an experiment in visual education in China. ParisUNESCO 1951
- About a 1-year. health education experiment in west China run jointly by UNESCO and China's mass education movement. Its aim was to produce audio-visual materials for use mainly with illiterates. 1949
- U.S. Consulate General, Hong Kong. Medical school for barefoot doctors. Survey of China Mainland Press. 1969; 4402: 18–20
- Describes a rural Shensi school for teaching barefoot doctors modern and traditional medicine., Requirements: three months' manual labor for the school and for own commune plus 6 months medical training.
- U.S. Imperialist Cultural Aggression Disguised as Friendship. China Reconstructs 1968; 17: 44–48
- During the Cultural Revolution Peking Union Medical College was attacked for claiming to be a philanthropic effort while actually being a U.S. political tool
- Library of Congress U. S. Chinese Personalities in Biomedicine. DC, DHEW Publication No. (NIH), Washington 1975; 75–783
- Lists medical specialists in biomedicine, their education, specialization, positions held, and publications
- Unschuld, Paul. Medezin in China: eine Ideengeschichte (Medicine in China: a history of ideas). Beck, Munich, Germany 1980
- Two thousand year survey of medicine includes Communist health education and health care to the post-Mao period.
- Walls D Philip. Medical education in the People's Republic of China. Journal of Medical Education 1975; 50(4)371–383
- Visits to five medical colleges. discusses theories and practices of medical training, with special emphasis on curriculum. 1973
- Nursing in China. 1974; 2((1)45–47, WangR., American Journal of Chinese Medicine
- Describes admissions policy, training, and duties of nurses
- Virginia Li Wang. Training of the barefoot doctor in the People's Republic of China: from prevention to curative service. 1975; 5(3)475–488, International Journal of Health Services
- Report on some disparate patterns of training China's paramedical personnel.
- Woman and Child Health Care Station of Jutung County, Kiangsu. Barefoot doctors active in rural child health care. 1975; 1(2)95–98, Chinese Medical Journal
- One task of barefoot doctors is to provide public health education
- New China's accomplishments in the control of diseases. Public Health in the People's Republic of China: report of a conference. 1973. Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, New York 1973; 173–184, Worth R.M. Wegman M.E. et al. (Eds)
- In disease-ridden China (widespread smallpox, malaria, hookworm, syphilis. the Communists in the early 1950s used the media to conduct an intensive health education campaign
- Rural health in China: from village to commune. 1963; 77(3)228–239, WorthR.M., American Journal of Hygiene
- Under Communism, after. village life changed as farmers benefitted from land reform and new health programs, the latter requiring training of new health personnel and massive efforts to educate people in sanitation. 1949
- Über die Arbeit auf dem Gebiet der Psychiatrie und Neurologie in der Volksrepublik China (On the work in the field of psychiatry and neurology in the People's Republic of China). 1955; 7: 280–281, Wu Chen-I Psycchiatrie, Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie, In German.
- Cites emphasis on psychiatry and neurology based on Pavlov.
- Yamada Keiji. Medicine and society in contemporary. XIVth International Congress of the History of Science, Proceedings No. 1. China 1975; 19–24, Tokyo, Science Council of Japan
- China has improved medical care since 1955 by instituting Western methods and by recruiting more medical students.
- Yeh D.J. Samuel. Nutrition, in: Quinn. Medicine and Public Health in the People's. DC, DHEW Publication No. (NIH, Washington 1973; 215–239, Joseph R. Republic of China, 73–67
- Nutritional sciences are not well taught in medical curricula, nutrition knowledge is inadequate among medical and paramedical personnel and in medical journals and literature.
- Fu-Ching Yen. Medical training today. 1959; 8: 30–32, China Reconstructs
- Medical education in Shanghai. two medical colleges with almost 6000 students used nine teaching hospitals; also had an army medical college, a traditional medical college, and an institute for training medical assistants, nurses, and midwives. 1958–59
- Graduates in 1934 totalled 532 (79 of them women). The 168 nursing schools enrolled 4805 students. Membership of the Chinese Medical Association was 2600. Progress of modem medicine in China. China's 33 medical schools (19 of them private) had over 3600 students. 1936; 1: 55–59, China Quarterly, 3
- Fu-Ching Yen. Recent developments of medical education in China. 1935; 1(1)109–113, China Quarterly
- Until the 1927 Nationalist Government, all medical education was private. After 1927, inspection, curriculum requirements, and plans for nationwide health services appropriate to Chinese needs improved and medical training facilities increased
- Young W Charles. The Westernizing of Chinese medical practice, in: Blakeslee. Recent Developments in China: Clark University addresses, November, 1912. G. E. Stechert, New York 1913; 199–222, GeorgeH.
- Chinese studied medicine in the West from the 1850s. Later Western medical education was offered at Union Medical School (Peking), St. John's University Medical School (Shanghai), and other centers. The post-1911 government planned to establish medical schools
- Medicine and medical education in the. New China 1958; 33: 517–522, YudkinJ., Journal of Medical Education, (7
- Because most practitioners used traditional medicine and had no scientific training. China increased the number, size, and enrollment of its medical schools and shifted to a Russian pattern for preparing physicians