Testing the validity of a scenario-based questionnaire to assess the ethical sensitivity of undergraduate medical students

References

• Accrediting Commission for Graduate Medical Education 2011. Minimum program requirements language. Available from http://www.acgme.org/outcome/comp/compMin.asp
   Google Scholar
• Consensus Statement. Teaching medical ethics and law within medical education: A model for the UK core curriculum. J Med Ethics 1998; 24: 188–192
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Council of Deans 2005. Curriculum sub-group, The Scottish Doctor Project. Learning outcomes for the medical undergraduate in Scotland: A foundation for competent and reflective practitioners – the Scottish doctor. [Accessed 25 March 2005] Available from www.scottishdoctor.org/
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan C. In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1982
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg S, Regehr G, Mylopulos M. From behaviours to attributions: Further concerns regarding the evaluation of professionalism. Med Educ 2009; 43: 414–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GMC. “Tomorrow's Doctors” issued by the Education Committee of the General Medical Council. General Medical Council, London 1993
   Google Scholar
• Goldie J. Review of ethics curricula in undergraduate medical education. Med Educ 2000; 34: 108–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldie J, Schwartz L, McConnachie A, Jolly B, Morrison J. Can students’ reasons for choosing set answers to ethical vignettes be reliably rated? Development and testing of a method. Med Teach 2004a; 26: 713–718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldie J, Schwartz L, McConnachie A, Morrison J. Impact of a new course on students’ potential behaviour on encountering ethical dilemmas. Med Educ 2001a; 35: 295–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldie J, Schwartz L, McConnachie A, Morrison J. The impact of three years ethics teaching, in an integrated medical curriculum, on students’ proposed behaviour on meeting ethical dilemmas. Med Educ 2001b; 35: 295–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldie J, Schwartz L, McConnachie A, Morrison J. The impact of a modern medical curriculum on students’ proposed behaviour on meeting ethical dilemmas. Med Educ 2004b; 38: 942–949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafferty FW, Franks R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching and the structure of medical education. Acad Med 1994; 64: 861–871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert PC, Meslin EM, Dunn EV. Measuring the ethical sensitivity of medical students: A study at the University of Toronto. J Med Ethics 1992; 18: 142–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm S, Neilsen GH, Norup M, Vegner A, Guldman F, Andreasen PH. Changes in moral reasoning and the teaching of medical ethics. Med Educ 1995; 29: 420–423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipnis K, Gerhard A, 1995. Medical ethics education in problem based learning curriculum, e-mailed document January 13
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg L. Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. Goslin D, editor., In 1969, Handbook of socialization theory and research. Chicago: Rand McNally. pp 347–480
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg L. Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach. Liconta T, editor., In 1976, Moral development and behaviour. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. pp 51–53
   Google Scholar
• Kurtines W, Grief EB. The development of moral thought: Review and evaluation of Kohlberg's approach. Psychol Bull 1974; 81: 453–470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAlpine H, Kristjanson L, Poroch D. Development and testing of the ethical reasoning tool (ERT): An instrument to measure the ethical reasoning of nurses. J Adv Nursing 1997; 25: 1151–1161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCC 2005, Available from http://www.mcc.ca/en/exams/objectives/c2leo-e.htm
   Google Scholar
• Minicucci RF, 1995. The time has come for the graduate medical education accreditation process to change. Accreditation Alert, 2
   Google Scholar
• Percival T. Medical ethics: Or, a code of institutes and precepts, adapted to the professional conduct of physicians and surgeons. Printed for R., London 1803, Russell and J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard, and R. Bickerstaff, Strand
   Google Scholar
• Peters RS. Moral development: A plea for pluralism. Mischel T, editors., In 1971, Cognitive development and epistemology. New York: Academic Press
   Google Scholar
• Price J, Price D, Williams G, Hoffenberg R. Changes in medical student attitudes as they progress through a medical course. J Med Ethics 1998; 24: 110–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rest JR. Guide for the defining issues test. Minnesota Centre for the Ethical Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 1990
   Google Scholar
• Rezler AG, Schwartz RL, Obenshain SS, Lambert P, Gibson JM, Bennahum DA. Assessment of ethical decisions and values. Med Educ 1992; 26: 7–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. 1996. Skills for the new millennium: Report of the societal needs working group. CanMEDS 2000 Project. Ottawa, ON: Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Schuwirth LWT, van der Vleuten CPM. Medical education: Challenges for educationalists. BMJ 2006; 333: 544–546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Self DJ, Olivarez M, Baldwin DC. Clarifying the relationship of medical education and moral development. Acad Med 1998; 73: 517–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorr AF, Hayes RP, Finnerty JF. The effect of a class in medical ethics on first year medical students. Acad Med 1994; 69: 998–1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shweder RA. Beyond self-constructed knowledge: The study of culture and morality. Merrill-Palmer Q 1982; 28: 41–69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurdson O. Silence reigns! A communitarian critique of the ethics of Lawrence Kohlberg. Scandanavian J Educ Res 1997; 41: 5–13
   Google Scholar
• Simpson LS. Moral development research: A case study of scientific cultural bias. Hum Dev 1974; 17: 81–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RG. Legal precedent and medical ethics: Some problems encountered by the General Medical Council in relying upon precedent when declaring acceptable standards of professional conduct. In: Baker R, editor. The codification of medical morality: Historical and philosophical studies of the formalization of Western medical morality in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Volume 2: Anglo-American medical ethics and medical jurisprudence in the nineteenth century. Philosophy and Medicine 1995; 49: 205–218
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan EV. A study of Kohlberg's structural theory of moral development: A critique of liberal social science ideology. Hum Dev 1997; 20: 352–376
   Google Scholar
• Tennant M. Psychology and adult learning2nd. Routledge, London 1999
   Google Scholar
• Tsai TC, Harasym PH, Coderre S, McLaughlin K, Donnon T. Assessing ethical problem solving by reasoning rather than decision making. Med Educ 2009; 43(12): 1188–1197
   Google Scholar
• Veatch RM. Medical ethics. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Boston 1989
   Google Scholar
• Walter JK, Klein EP, (Eds.). 2003. The story of bioethics: From seminal works to contemporary explorations. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press
   Google Scholar
• Waltz CF, Bausell RB. Nursing research: Design, statistics and computer analysis. F.A. Davis, Philadelphia 1981
   Google Scholar