548
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Lead exposure, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia: A systematic review of cause and effect

, &
Pages 512-517 | Published online: 10 Jul 2012

References

  • ATSDR. 2007. Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
  • Barltrop D, ed. 1969. Transfer of lead to the human foetus. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
  • Brenner BM. 2007. Brenner and Rector's: The kidney. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
  • Canfield RL, Henderson CR Jr, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP. 2003. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. New England Journal of Medicine 348:1517–1526.
  • Carbone R, Laforgia N, Crollo E, Mautone A, Iolascon A. 1998. Maternal and neonatal lead exposure in southern Italy. Biology of the Neonate 73:362–366.
  • Casarett LJ, Doull J, Klaassen CD. 2008. Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • CDC. 2002. Managing elevated blood lead levels among young children. Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Atlanta: Center for Disease Control.
  • CDC. 2009. Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control.
  • Chang HR, Chen SS, Chen TJ, Ho CH, Chiang HC, Yu HS. 1996. Lymphocyte beta2-adrenergic receptors and plasma catecholamine levels in lead-exposed workers. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 139:1–5.
  • Dawson EB, Evans DR, Kelly R, Van Hook JW. 2000. Blood cell lead, calcium, and magnesium levels associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia. Biological Trace Element Research 74:107–116.
  • Ettinger AS, Tellez-Rojo MM, Amarasiriwardena C, Peterson KE, Schwartz J, Aro A . 2006. Influence of maternal bone lead burden and calcium intake on levels of lead in breast milk over the course of lactation. American Journal of Epidemiology 163:48–56.
  • Gardella C. 2001. Lead exposure in pregnancy: a review of the literature and argument for routine prenatal screening. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 56:231–238.
  • Goyer RA. 1996. Results of lead research: prenatal exposure and neurological consequences. Environmental Health Perspectives 104:1050–1054.
  • Gulson BL, Mahaffey KR, Mizon KJ, Korsch MJ, Cameron MA, Vimpani G. 1995. Contribution of tissue lead to blood lead in adult female subjects based on stable lead isotope methods. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 125:703–712.
  • Gulson BL, Mizon KJ, Palmer JM, Korsch MJ, Taylor AJ, Mahaffey KR. 2004. Blood lead changes during pregnancy and postpartum with calcium supplementation. Environmental Health Perspectives 112:1499–1507.
  • Health Canada. 2010. Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada. Available at: http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/contaminants/chms-ecms/index-eng.php. (Accessed 31 March 2011).
  • Hertz-Picciotto I, Schramm M, Watt-Morse M, Chantala K, Anderson J, Osterloh J. 2000. Patterns and determinants of blood lead during pregnancy. American Journal of Epidemiology 152:829–837.
  • Hu H, Hernandez-Avila M. 2002. Invited commentary: lead, bones, women, and pregnancy—the poison within? American Journal of Epidemiology 156:1088–1091.
  • James JL, Whitley GS, Cartwright JE. 2010. Pre-eclampsia: fitting together the placental, immune and cardiovascular pieces. Journal of Pathology 221:363–378.
  • Jim B, Sharma S, Kebede T, Acharya A. 2010. Hypertension in pregnancy: a comprehensive update. Cardiology in Review 18:178–189.
  • Kaul PP, Srivastava R, Srivastava S, Kamboj M. 2002. Relationships of maternal blood lead and disorders of pregnancy to neonatal birthweight. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 44:321–323.
  • Knight M. 2007. Eclampsia in the United Kingdom 2005. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 114:1072–1078.
  • Lagerkvist BJ, Ekesrydh S, Englyst V, Nordberg GF, Soderberg HA, Wiklund DE. 1996. Increased blood lead and decreased calcium levels during pregnancy: a prospective study of Swedish women living near a smelter. American Journal of Public Health 86:1247–1252.
  • Lagerkvist BJ, Soderberg HA, Nordberg GF, Ekesrydh S, Englyst V. 1993. Biological monitoring of arsenic, lead and cadmium in occupationally and environmentally exposed pregnant women. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 19(Suppl 1):50–53.
  • Lanphear BP, Dietrich K, Auinger P, Cox C. 2000. Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations < 10 microg/dL in US children and adolescents. Public Health Report 115:521–529.
  • Levine RJ, Hauth JC, Curet LB, Sibai BM, Catalano PM, Morris CD . 1997. Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia. New England Journal of Medicine 337:69–76.
  • Lopez-Jaramillo P. 2000. Calcium, nitric oxide, and preeclampsia. Seminars in Perinatology 24:33–36.
  • Magri J, Sammut M, Savona-Ventura C. 2003. Lead and other metals in gestational hypertension. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 83:29–36.
  • Manton WI, Angle CR, Stanek KL, Kuntzelman D, Reese YR, Kuehnemann TJ. 2003. Release of lead from bone in pregnancy and lactation. Environmental Research 92:139–151.
  • Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, Rothenberg SJ. 2007. Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease – a systematic review. Environmental Health Perspectives 115:472–482.
  • Pirkle JL, Schwartz J, Landis JR, Harlan WR. 1985. The relationship between blood lead levels and blood pressure and its cardiovascular risk implications. American Journal of Epidemiology 121:246–258.
  • Preeclampsia Foundation. 2011. Statistics. Available at: www.preeclampsia.org/statistics. (Accessed 31 March 2011).
  • Pritchard JA. 1965. Changes in the blood volume during pregnancy and delivery. Anesthesiology 26:393–399.
  • Ross AC. 2011. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
  • Rossouw J, Offermeier J, van Rooyen JM. 1987. Apparent central neurotransmitter receptor changes induced by low-level lead exposure during different developmental phases in the rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 91:132–139.
  • Rothenberg SJ, Karchmer S, Schnaas L, Perroni E, Zea F, Fernandez Alba J. 1994. Changes in serial blood lead levels during pregnancy. Environmental Health Perspectives 102:876–880.
  • Rothenberg SJ, Khan F, Manalo M, Jiang J, Cuellar R, Reyes S . 2000. Maternal bone lead contribution to blood lead during and after pregnancy. Environmental Research 82:81–90.
  • Rothenberg SJ, Kondrasho V, Manalo M, Jiang J, Cuellar R, Garcia M . 2002. Increases in hypertension and blood pressure during pregnancy with increased bone lead levels. American Journal of Epidemiology 156:1079–1087.
  • Schnaas L, Rothenberg SJ, Flores MF, Martinez S, Hernandez C, Osorio E . 2006. Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 114:791–797.
  • Schroeder HA, Tipton IH. 1968. The human body burden of lead. Archives of Environmental Health 17:965–978.
  • Silbergeld EK. 1991. Lead in bone: implications for toxicology during pregnancy and lactation. Environmental Health Perspectives 91:63–70.
  • Smith DR, Ilustre RP, Osterloh JD. 1998. Methodological considerations for the accurate determination of lead in human plasma and serum. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 33:430–438.
  • Smith DR, Osterloh JD, Flegal AR. 1996. Use of endogenous, stable lead isotopes to determine release of lead from the skeleton. Environmental Health Perspectives 104:60–66.
  • SOGC. 2008. Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of the Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.
  • Sowers M, Jannausch M, Scholl T, Li W, Kemp FW, Bogden JD. 2002. Blood lead concentrations and pregnancy outcomes. Archives of Environmental Health 57:489–495.
  • Taylor DJ, Lind T. 1979. Red cell mass during and after normal pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 86:364–370.
  • Ugwuja E, Ejikeme B, Obuna J. 2011. Impacts of elevated prenatal blood lead on trace element status and pregnancy outcomes in occupationally non-exposed women. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2:143–156.
  • Vaziri ND, Gonick HC. 2008. Cardiovascular effects of lead exposure. Indian Journal of Medical Research 128:426–435.
  • Vaziri ND, Sica DA. 2004. Lead-induced hypertension: role of oxidative stress. Current Hypertension Reports 6:314–320.
  • Vigeh M, Yokoyama K, Mazaheri M, Beheshti S, Ghazizadeh S, Sakai T . 2004. Relationship between increased blood lead and pregnancy hypertension in women without occupational lead exposure in Tehran, Iran. Archives of Environmental Health 59:70–75.
  • Vigeh M, Yokoyama K, Ramezanzadeh F, Dahaghin M, Sakai T, Morita Y . 2006. Lead and other trace metals in preeclampsia: a case-control study in Tehran, Iran. Environmental Research 100:268–275.
  • Villar J, Abdel-Aleem H, Merialdi M, Mathai M, Ali MM, Zavaleta N . 2006. World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 194:639–649.
  • Weizsaecker K. 2003. Lead toxicity during pregnancy. Primary Care Update for Obstetricians and Gynecologists 10:304–309.
  • Yazbeck C, Thiebaugeorges O, Moreau T, Goua V, Debotte G, Sahuquillo J . 2009. Maternal blood lead levels and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension: the EDEN cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives 117:1526–1530.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.