Ammoniation to Reduce the Toxicity of Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Seed Fed to Rats

References

• Siegel R., Johnson M. C., Varney D. R., Nesmith W. C., Buckner R. C., Bush L. P., Burrus P. B., II, Jones T. A., Boling J. A. A fungal endophyte in tall rescue: Incidence and dissemination. Phytopath. (1984); 74: 932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel M. R., Latch G. C.M., Johnson M. C. Acremonium fungal endophytes of tall rescue and pereratial ryegrass: Significance and control. Plant Dis. (1985); 69: 179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read J. C., Camp B. J. The effect of the fungal endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in tall rescue on animal performance, toxicity, and stand maintenance. Agron. J. (1986); 78: 848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel M. R., Latch G. C.M., Johnson M. C. Fungal endophytes of grasses. Ann. Rev. Phytopath. (1987); 25: 293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel M. R., Latch G. C.M., Bush L. P., Fannin F. F., Rowan D. D., Tapper B. A., Bacon C. W., Johnson M. C. Fungal endophyte-infected grasses: Alkaloid accumulation and aphid response. J. Chem. Ecol. (1990); 16: 3301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemken R. W., Boling J. A., Bull L. S., Hatton R. H., Buekner R. C., Bush L. P. Interaction of environmental temperature and anti-quality factors on the severity of summer fescue toxicosis. J. Anim. Sci. (1981); 52: 710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter H. D., Owenm J. R., Buckner R. C., Hemken R. W., Siegel M. R., Bush L. P., Montgomery M. J. Comparison of low alkaloid tall fescue and orchardgrass for lactating Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. (1986); 69: 1329, S.R. Strahan, R.W. Hemken, J.A. Jackson. Jr., R.C. Buckher, L.P. Bush, and M.R. Siegel, Performance of lactating dairy cows fed tall fescue forage. J. Dairy Sci., 70, 1987 1228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay N., Boling J., Dew R., Mikseh D. E. Effects of endophyte-infected tall rescue on beef cow-calf performance. Appl. Agric. Res. (1988); 3: 182
   Google Scholar
• Schino K. K., Leshin L. S., Boling J. A., Gay N. Effects of endophyte-infected fescue on concentrations of prolactin in blood sera and the anterior pituitary and concentrations of dopamine and dopamine metabolites in brains of steers. J. Anim. Sci. (1988); 6: 713
   Google Scholar
• Mizinga K. M., Thompson F. N., Stuedemann J. A., Kiser T. E., Smith C. K., Powell R. G. Effect of endophyte-infected seed on endocrine function, body weight and milk production in postpartum beef cows. J. Arum. Sci. (1990); 68(Suppl. 1)402, (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Neat W. D., Schmidt S. P. Effects of feeding Kentucky 31 tall fescue seed infected with Acremonium coenophialum to laboratory rats. J. Anim. Sci. (1985); 61: 103
   Google Scholar
• Jackson J. A., Jr., Varney D., Hemken R. W., Siegel M., Bush L. P., Harmon R. J., Wise S., Gardner P. Use of serum prolactin in rats as a determinant in detecting endophyte-infected tall fescue seed. Drug Chem. Toxicol. (1986); 9: 33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson J. A., Hemken R. W., Bush L. P., Boling J. A., Siegel M. R., Zavos P. M., Yates S. C. Physiological responses in rats fed extracts of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed. Drug Chem. Toxicol. (1987); 10: 369, D.R. Vamey, C.J. Kappes, S.L. Jones, R. Newsome, M.R. Siegel, and P.M. Zavos, The effect of feeding tall fescue seed infected by Acremonium coenophialum on pregnancy and paxtuition in female rats, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 89C, 315 (1988)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdy C. W., Cole N. A., Stuedemann J. A. The Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Classical Complement in Yearling Feeder Cattle. Proceedings of the Symposium on Fescue Toxicosis-From Cow-Calf to Slaughter. 1987. Amarillo, Texas
   Google Scholar
• Cole N. A. Fescue Toxicosis Carry-Over Effects in the Feedlot. Proceedings of the Symposium on Fescue Toxicosis-From Cow-Calf to Slaughter. 1987. Amarillo, Texas
   Google Scholar
• Dew R. K. Effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue on cellular and humoral aspects of immune function in the rat, mouse and bovine. University of Kentucky, Lexington (1989), Ph.D. Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Dew R. K., Boissonneault G. A., Gay N., Boling J. A., Cross R. J., Cohen D. A. The effect of the endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum) and associated toxin(s) of tall rescue on serum titer response to immunization and spleen cell flow cytomry analysis and response to mitogens. Veter. Immuno. Immunopath. (1990); 26: 285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball M. C., Ma C. S., Merriman G. M., Underwood J. K. The effects of rescue forage and seed on laboratory animals. J. Anim. Sci. (1957); 16: 1083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer J. L., Hill N. S., Martin S. A., Agee C. A. Degradation of ergoline alkaloids during in vitro ruminal digestion of tall fescue forage. Crop Sci. (1993); 33: 264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westendorf M. L., Mitchell G. E., Jr., Tucker R. E., Bush L. P., Petroski R. J., Powell R. G. In vitro and in vivo ruminal and physiological responses to endophyte-infected tall fescue. J. Dairy Sci. (1993); 76: 555, A.B. Chestnut, L.L. Berger and G.C. Fahey Jr., Effects of ammoniation of tall fescue on phenolic composition, feed intake, site and extent of nutrient digestion and ruminal dilution rates of steers, J. Anim. Sci., 64 842 (1987)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates R. N., Klopfenstein T. J., Waller S. S., Stroup W. W., Britton R. A., Anderson B. F. Influence of thermoanunoniation on quality of warm-season grass hay for steers. J. Anim. Sci. (1987); 64: 1821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiquette J., Flipot P. M., Vinet C. M. Effect of ammoniation and urea addition on chemical composition and digestibility of mature timothy hay, and rumen fluid characteristics of growing steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. (1992); 72: 299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner H. K., Koltun S. P., Dollear F. G., Royner E. T. Inactivation of aflatoxin in peanut and cottonseed meals by ammoniation. J. Am. Oil Chem. Sot. (1971); 48: 70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldblatt L. A. Control and removal of aflatoxin. J. Am. Oil Chem. Sot. (1971); 48: 605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney J. D., Cavanagh G. C., Bell J. T., Hoverland A. S., Nelson D. M., Pearson J., Selkirk J. Effects of ammoniation on aflatoxins in rations fed lactating cows. J. Am. Oil Chem. Sot. (1973); 50: 79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brekke O. L., Peplinski A. J., Lancaster E. B. Aflatoxin inactivation in corn by aqua ammonia. Trans. ASAE (1977); 20: 1160
   Google Scholar
• A.O.A.C. Official Methods of Analysis 13th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C. 1980
   Google Scholar
• Goering H. K., Van Soest P. J. Forage Fiber Analysis (Apparatus, Reagents, Procedures, and Some Applications), Agric. Handbook 379. ARS, USDA, Washington, D.C. 1970
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy C. W., Bush L. P. Effect of environment and management factors on the accumulation of N-acetyl and N-formyl loline alkaloids in tall rescue. Crop Sci. (1983); 23: 547
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates S. G., Powell R. G. Analysis of ergopeptine alkaloids in endophyte-infected tall rescue. J. Agric. Food Chem. (1988); 36: 337, SAS, “SAS Users Guide: Basics,” Statistical Analysis System Institute, Inc., North Carolina, 1986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethke H., Delz B., Such K. Determination of the content and purity of ergotamine preparations by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography. J. Chromatography (1976); 123: 193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner G. B., Rottinghaus G. E., Cornell C. N., Testereci H. Chemistry of compounds associated with endophyte/grass interaction: Ergovaline-and ergopeptine-related alkaloids. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. (1993); 44: 65, E.G. Lancaster, G.E. Hall and O.L. Brekke, Treating corn with ammonia: Behavior of the corn-water-ammonia system, Trans. ASAE, 17, 331 (1974)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorlacius S. O., Robertson J. A. Effectiveness of anhydrous ammonia as a preservative for high-moisture hay. Can. J. Anim. Sci. (1984); 62: 867
   Google Scholar
• Koegel R. G., Straub R. J., Shinners K. J. Ammonia treatment of large and small hay packages. Trans. ASAE (1985); 28: 726
   Google Scholar
• Atwal A. S., Heslop L. C., Lievers K. Effectiveness of anhydrous ammonia as a preservative for high-moisture alfalfa hay in large round bales. Can. J. Anim. Sci. (1986); 66: 743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckwith A. C., Vesonder R. F., Ciegler A. Action of weak bases upon aflatoxin B in contact with macromolecular reagents. J. Agile. Food Chem. (1975); 23: 582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson M.G. Review article: The alkali treatmere of straws. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. (1977); 2: 105
   Google Scholar
• Lee L. S., Cucullu A. F. Conversion of a atoxin B to ariatoxin D in ammoniated peanut and cottonseed meals. J. Agric. Food Chem. (1978); 26: 881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buettner M. R., Lechtenberg V. L., Hendrix K. S., Hertel J. M. Composition and digestion of ammoniated tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) hay. J. Anim. Sci. (1982); 54: 173
   Google Scholar
• Fritz J. O., Moore K. J., Vogel K. P. Ammonia-labile bonds in high- and low-digestibility strains of switchgrass. Crop Sci. (1991); 31: 1566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenney M. A., Rosderuck C. E., Arnich L., Piedad P. Effect of protein deficiency on the spleen and antibody formation in rats. J. Nutr. (1968); 95: 173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra R. K. Immunocompetence in undernutrition. J. Pediatrics (1972); 81: 1194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanan R. B., Nath I., Bhuyan U. N., Talwar G. P. Depression of T-cell function and normality of B-cell response in protein calorie malnutrition. Immunology (1977); 32: 345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayek M. G., Boissonneault G. A., Mitchell G. E., Jr., Bush L. P., Powell R. G. Effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (loline: N-methyl loline; N-acetyl loline; N-formyl loline) on mitogen response of bovine and murine lymphocytes. FASEB J. (1991); 5: A567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy E., Berczi I. Immunodeficiency in hypophysectomized rats. Acta. Endocrin. (1978); 89: 530
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berczi, Nagy E., Kovacs K., Horvath E. Regulation ofhumoral immunity in rats by pituitary hormones. Acta. Endocrin. (1981); 98: 506, E. Nagy, I. Berczi, and H.G. Friesen, Regulation of immunivy in rats by lactogenic and growth hormones, Acta. Endocrin., 102, 351 (1983)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernton E., Bryant H., Holaday J., Dave J. Prolactin and prolactin secretagogues reverse immunosuppression in mice treated with cysteamine, glucocorticoids, or cyclosporin-A Brain. Behavior, and Immunity (1992); 6: 394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar