Characterization of Risks Posed by Combustor Emissions

References

• National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1983
   Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council). Science and Judgement in Risk Assessment. NAS Press, Washington, DC 1994
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC (1989), EPA/540/1-89/002
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Guidance on Risk Characterization for Risk Managers and Risk Assessors. Internal EPA Memorandum from F. Henry Habicht, Deputy Administrator. (1992), 1992a Feb 26
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Federal Register Notice. Guidelines for Exposure Assessment. (1992), 57 FR 22888. EPA/600-Z-92/001, 1992b May 29
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Guidance for Risk Characterization. Science Policy Council. (1995), February, 1995
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Policy for Risk Characterization at the U.S. EPA. Internal EPA Memorandum from Carol M. Browner. Administrator. (1995), March 21, 1995
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Risk Characterization Implementation Guidelines for the Office of Air and Radiation. (1995), August 2, 1995
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Risk Characterization: A Practical Guidance for NCEA-Washington Risk Assessors. National Center for Environmental Assessment-Washington Office/ORD. (1997a), NCEA-W-0105. August
   Google Scholar
• Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk. Management and Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Regulatory Decision-Making. (1997); Volume 2, Final Report
   Google Scholar
• French C. L., Peters W. D., Maxwell B., Rice G., Bullock R., Colli A., Vasu A., Cole J., Heath E., Turner J., Hetes B., Brown D. C, Golden D., Loomis D., Nelson C. Assessment of Health Risks Due To Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utilities. Drug and Chem.Tox (1997); 20(4)375–386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorber M., Pinsky P., Gehring P., Braverman C, Winters D., Sovocool W. Relationships between dioxins in soil, air, ash, and emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator emitting large amounts of dioxins, In Press
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to Combustor Emission. Interim Final. (1990), EPA/600/6-90/003
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Review Draft Addendum to the Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to Combustor Emissions. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. 1993
   Google Scholar
• Rice G. E., McGinnis P., Bruins R (1991) Indirect Exposure: A Comparison of Two Methodologies. Presented at the ASTSWMO 1991 National Solid Waste Forum, Las Vegas Nevada, July, 151991, Session 4A:Waste-to-Energy Facilities and Ash Residue: Problems/Solutions
   Google Scholar
• Schock S., Brady-Roberts E., Odin M. Advances in EPA's Indirect Exposure Modeling Methodology. Drug and Chem. Tox. (1997); 20(4)369–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epa U.S. Mercury Study Report to Congress Volume IV. An Assessment of Exposure to Mercury in the United States. Final Report. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development. (December, 1997b), (EPA-452/R-97/006)
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Online. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 1998
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Proposed Cancer Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Federal Register. (1996); 61: 17960, April 23
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Mercury Study Report to Congress Volume I. Executive Study. Final Report. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development. (1997), (EPA-452/R-97/003). December
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Mercury Study Report to Congress Volume VII. Characterization of Human Health and Wildlife Risks from Mercury Exposure in the United States. Final Report. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development. (1997), (EPA-452/R-97/009). December
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Mercury Study Report to Congress Volume HI. Fate and Transport of Mercury in the Environment. Final Report. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development. (1997), (EPA-452/R-97/005). December
   Google Scholar
• Petersen G., Iverfeldt A., Munthe J. Atmospheric Mercury Species over Central and Northern Europe. Model Calculations and Comparison with Observations from the Nordic Air and Precipitation Network for 1987 and 1988. Atmospheric Environment (1995); 29: 47–68
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchanek T. H., Richerson P. J., Woodward L. A., Slotton D. G., Holts L. J., Woodmansee C. E.E. A Survey and Evaluation of Mercury. Sediment, Water, Plankton, Periphyton, Benthic Invertebrates and Fishes Within the Aquatic Ecosystem of Clear Lake, California. Preliminary lake study report prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9. Superfund Program. 1993
   Google Scholar
• Henry E. A., Dodge-Murphy L. J., Bigham G. N., Klein S. M. Modeling the Transport and Fate of Mercury in an Urban Lake (Onondaga Lake, NY). Water Air SoilPollu. (1995); 80: 489–498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watras C. J., Bloom N. S., Claas S. A., Morrison K. A., Gilmour C. C., Crain S. R. Methylmercury Production in the Anoxic Hypolimnion of a Dimictic Seepage Lake. Water Air Soil Pollu. (1995); 80: 735–745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro L. R., Isidro E. J., Lopes H. D. Mercury Content in Relation to Sex, Size, Age and Growth in Two Scorpionfish (Helicolenus dactylopterus) and (Pontinus kuhlii) from Azorean Waters. Water Air Soil Pollu. (1991); 56: 359–367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh D. O., Clarkson T. W., Cox C, Amin-Zaki L., Al-Tikrit S. Fetal Methyl Mercury Poisoning: Relationship Between Concentration in Single Strands of Maternal Hair and Child Effects. Arch Neurol. (1987); 44: 1017–1022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U. S. EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), Background Document 1. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati Office, Cincinnati, OH 1988
   Google Scholar
• Barnes D. G., Dourson M. L. Reference Dose (RfD): Description and Use in Health Risk Assessment. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. (1988); 8: 471–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartout J. C., Price P. S., Dourson M. L., Carlson-Lynch H., Keenan R. E. A Probabilistic Framework for the Reference Dose. Risk Analysis (1998), In Press (June)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird S. J. S., Cohen J. T., Graham J. D., Shlyakhter A. I., Evans J. S. Noncancer Risk Assessment: Probabilistic Characterization of Population Threshold Doses. Human Eco. Risk Assess (1996); 2(1)78–99
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price P. S., Keenan R. E., Swartout J. C., Gillis C. A., Carlson-Lynch H., Dourson M. L. An Approach for Modeling Noncancer Dose Responses with an Emphasis on Uncertainty. Risk Analysis (1997); 17(4)427–437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CSFII. Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (1995), Available on CD-ROM from NITS (order no. PB97-500789INC). See also (http://www.ntis.gov/fcpc/cpn7682.htm)
   Google Scholar
• NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). The current publically-available National Marine Fisheries Service Data base was supplied to U.S. EPA via fax from Malcolm Meaburn (Charleston Laboratory/Southeast Fisheries Science Center/National Marine Fisheries Service/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/U.S. Dept. Of Commerce). Kathryn Mahaffey (Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office-Cincinnati.OH/Office of Health and Environmental Assessment/Office of Research and Development/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (February 23, 1995), 1995
   Google Scholar
• Bahnick D., Sauer C, Butterworth B., Kuehl K. A National Study of Mercury Contamination of Fish. Chemosphere (1994); 29(3)537–546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe T. P., May T. W., Brumbaugh W. G., Kane D. A. National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program: Concentrations of seven elements in fresh-water fish, 1978-1981. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. (1985); 14: 363–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S.D.A. Adjustments to U.S.D.A. recipe files. Fax from Betty Perloff (Agricultural Research Service/U.S.D.A.). Kate Mahaffey (Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office-Cincinnati.OH/Office of Health and Environmental Assessment/Office of Research and Development/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1995), March 13, 1995
   Google Scholar