REFERENCES
- Burns, L., Mattick, R., Lim, K., & Wallace, C. (2006). Methadone in pregnancy: Treatment retention and neonatal outcomes. Addiction, 102(2), 264–270. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01651.x
- Chavkin, W. (1990). Drug addiction and pregnancy: Policy crossroads. American Journal of Public Health, 80(4), 483–487.
- Dryden, C., Young, D., Hepburn, M., & Mactier, H. (2009). Maternal methadone use in pregnancy: Factors associated with the development of neonatal abstinence syndrome and implications for healthcare resources. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 116, 665–671. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02073.x
- Eggleston, A. M., Calhoun, P., Svikis, D. S., Tuten, M., Chisolm, M., & Jones, H. E. (2009). Suicidality, aggression, and other treatment considerations among pregnant, substance-dependent women with posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 415–423. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.11.004
- Galea, S., Ahern, J., & Vlahov, D. (2003). Contextual determinants of drug use risk behavior: A theoretic framework. Journal of Urban Health, 80(4), 50–58. doi: 10.1093/jurban/jtg082
- Greenfield, S., & Grella, C. (2009). Alcohol and drug abuse: What is “women-focused” treatment for substance abuse disorders? Psychiatry Service, 60, 880–882. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.60.7.880
- Hill, P. (2013). Perinatal addiction: Providing compassionate and competent care. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 56(1), 178–185. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e3182802da0
- Lynch, J., & Smith, G. D. (2005). A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 1–38.
- Martin, S., Beaumont, J., & Kupper, L. (2003). Substance use before and during pregnancy: Links to intimate partner violence. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 29(3), 599–617. doi: 10.1081/ADA-120023461
- National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (2013). Trends in Substances of Abuse among Pregnant Women and Women of Childbearing Age in Treatment. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/spotlight/spot110-trends-pregnant-women-2013.pdf
- Perreira, K., & Cortes, K. (2006.) Race/ethnicity and nativity differences in alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy. American Journal of Public Health, 96(9), 1629–1636. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056598
- Pickett, K., & Pearl, M. (2001). Multilevel analyses of neighborhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: A critical review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55(2), 111–122. doi: 10.1136/jech.55.2.111
- Rosen, D., Tolman, R., & Warner, L. (2004). Low-income women's use of substance abuse and mental health services. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 15, 206–219. doi: 10.1353/hpu.2004.0028
- Sheehan, M., & Sheehan, M. G. (2013). Management of the pregnant substance abusing woman. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology, 56(1), 97–106. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e3182795878
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. (2009). Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 1997–2007. National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services, DASIS Series: S-47, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 09-4379, Rockville, MD.
- Tetstall, E., Liu, A. J. W., An, E. I., Canalese, J., & Nanan, R. (2009). Pregnancy and neonatal characteristics of opioid-dependent Indigenous Australians: A rural and metropolitan comparison. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 49, 279–284. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01008
- United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2020. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/ overview.aspx?topicid=39
- Wallace, J. (1999). The social ecology of addiction: Race, risk and resilience. Pediatrics, 103, 1122–1127.
- Wilbourne, P., Wallerstedt, C., Dorato, V., & Curet, L. (2001). Clinical management of methadone dependence during pregnancy. The Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing, 14(4), 26–45.