References
- Niewoehner D E, Kleinerman J, Rice D B. Pathologic changes in the peripheral airways of young cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1974; 292: 755–758
- Cosio M, Ghezzo H, Hogg J C, Corbin R, Loveland M, Dosman J, Macklem P T. The relations between structural changes in small airways and pulmonary function tests. N Engl J Med 1977; 298: 1277–1281
- Wright J L, Lawson L M, Pare P D, Kennedy S, Wiggs B, Hogg J C. The detection of small airways disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 898–994
- Hale K A, Ewing S L, Gosnell B A, Niewoehner D E. Lung disease in long‐term cigarette smokers with and without chronic air‐flow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 716–721
- Matsuba K, Wright J L, Wiggs B R, Pare P D, Hogg J C. The changes in airways structure associated with reduced forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Eur J Respir Dis 1989; 2: 834–839
- Bosken C H, Wiggs B R, Pare P D, Hogg J C. Small airway dimensions in smokers with obstruction to airflow. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 563–570
- Saetta M, Ghezzo H, Kim W D, King M, Angus G E, Wang N ‐S, Cosio M G. Loss of alveolar attachments in smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 894–900
- Thurlbeck W M. Chronic airflow obstruction in lung disease. Major Problems in Pathology. Saunders, Philadelphia 1976; Vol. 5
- Linhartova A, Anderson A E, Foraker A G. Affixment arrangements of peribronchiolar alveoli in normal and emphysematous lungs. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1982; 106: 499–502
- Linhartova A, Anderson A E, Foraker A G. Radial traction and bronchiolar obstruction in pulmonary emphysema. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1971; 92: 384–391
- Petty T L, Silvers W, Stanford R E. Radial traction and small airways disease in excised human lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 132–135
- Wright J L, Churg A. Cigarette smoke causes physiological and morphological changes of emphysema in the guinea pig. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1422–1426
- Simani A S, Inoue S, Hogg J C. Penetration of respiratory epithelium of guinea pigs following exposure to cigarette smoke. Lab Invest 1974; 31: 75–87
- Langston C, Waszkiewics E, Thurlbeck W M. A simple method for the representative sampling of lungs of diverse size. Thorax 1979; 34: 527–530
- James A L, Hogg J C, Dunn L A, Pare P D. The use of the internal perimeter to compare airway size and to calculate smooth muscle shortening. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 136–139
- Huber G L, Davies P, Zwilling G R, Pochay V E, Hinds W C, Nicholas H A, Mahajan V K, Hayashi M, First M W. A morphologic and physiologic bioassay for quantifying alterations in the lung following experimental chronic inhalation of tobacco smoke. Clin Respir Physiol 1981; 17: 269–327
- Wilkinson L. SYSTAT: The System for Statistics. SYSTAT, Inc., Evanston, IL 1988
- Wright J L, Lawson L M, Pare P D, Wiggs B J, Kennedy S, Hogg J C. Morphology of peripheral airways in current smokers and ex‐smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 127: 474–477
- Hogg J C, Pare P D, Moreno R. The effect of submucosal edema on airways resistance. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: S54–S56
- Wright J L, Hobson J, Wiggs B R, Pare P D, Hogg J C. The effect of cigarette smoking on the structure of the small airways. Lung 1987; 165: 91–100
- Moreno R H, Hogg J C, Pare P D. Mechanics of airway narrowing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 1171–1180
- Park S S, Kikkawa Y, Goldring I P, Daly M M, Zelefsky M, Shim C, Spierer M, Morita T. An animal model of cigarette smoking in beagle dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115: 971–979
- Churg A, Hobson J, Wright J L. A functional and morphological comparison of silica and elastase induced airflow obstruction. Exp Lung Res 1989; 15: 813–822
- Wright J L, Hobson J E, Wiggs B, Pare P D, Hogg J C. Airway inflammation and peribronchiolar attachments in the lungs of nonsmokers, current and ex‐smokers. Lung 1988; 166: 277–286
- Cosio M G, Hale K A, Niewoehner D E. Morphologic and morphometric effects of prolonged cigarette smoking on the small airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122: 265–271
- Lumsden A B, McLean A, Lamb D. Goblet and Clara cells of human distal airways: evidence for smoking induced changes in their numbers. Thorax 1984; 39: 844–849
- Bernfeld P, Homburger F, Soto E, Pai K J. Cigarette smoke inhalation studies in inbred Syrian golden hamsters. JNCI 1979; 63: 675–689
- Snider G L, Lucey E C, Christensen T G, Stone P J, Calore J D, Catanese A, Franzblau C. Emphysema and bronchial secretory cell metaplasia induced in hamsters by human neutrophil products. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 155–160
- Lucey E C, Stone P J, Christensen T G, Breuer R, Snider G L. An 18‐month study of the effects on hamster lungs of intratracheally administered human neutrophil elastase. Exp Lung Res 1988; 14: 671–686