Hepatic Stellate Cells and Fibrogenesis in Hepatitis C Virus Infection: An Ultrastructural Insight

REFERENCES

• Friedman SL. Stellate cells: a moving target in hepatic fibrogenesis. Hepatology. 2004;40:1041–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaso E, Ikeda K, Eng FJ, et al. DDR2 receptor promotes MMP-2 mediated proliferation and invasion by hepatic stellate cells. J Clin Invest. 2001;108:1369–1378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gressner AM; Weiskirchen R. Modern pathogenetic concepts on liver fibrosis suggest stellate cells and TGF-beta as major players and therapeutic targets. J Cell Mol Med. 2006;10:76–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyata E, Masuya M, Yoshida S, et al. Hematopoietic origin of hepatic stellate cells in the adult liver. Blood. 2008;111:2427–2435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockey DC. Stellate cell/HCV interactions in hepatic fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:2117–2118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy FR, Issa R, Zhou X, et al. Inhibition of apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 is mediated via effects on matrix metalloproteinase inhibition: implications for reversibility of liver fibrosis. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:11069–11076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzori L, Poli G, Perra A. Hepatic stellate cell: A star cell in the liver. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009;41:1639–1642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kordes C, Sawitza I, Müller-Marbach A, et al. CD133(+) hepatic stellate cells are progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;352:410–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geerts A. History, heterogeneity, developmental biology, and functions of quiescent hepatic stellate cells. Semin Liver Dis. 2001;21:311–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukamoto H. Epigenetic mechanism of stellate cell trans-differentiation. J Hepatol. 2007;46:352–353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winau F, Hegasy G, Weiskirchen R, et al. Ito cells are liver-resident antigen-presenting cells for activating T cell responses. Immunity. 2007;26:117–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman SL. Hepatic Stellate cells: protean, multifunctional and enigmatic cells of the liver. Physiol Rev. 2008;88:125–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirz W, Antoine M, Tag CG, et al. Hepatic stellate cells display a functional vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype in a three-dimensional co-culture model with endothelial cells. Differentiation. 2008;76:784–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanzler S, Baumann M, Schirmacher P, et al. Prediction of progressive liver fibrosis in hepatitis C infection by serum and tissue levels of transforming growth factor β. J Viral Hepatol. 2001;8:430–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeker KH, Haberkorn CI, Michels D, Flemming P, Manns MP, Lichtinghagen R. Diagnostic potential of circulating TIMP-1 and MMP-2 as markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Chim Acta. 2002;316:71–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mengshol JA, Golden-Mason L, Rosen HR. Mechanisms of disease: HCV-induced liver injury. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;4:622–634.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdel-Moneim S, Mostafa E, Osam A. circulating matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) as serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Ar J Gastroenterol. 2008;9:39–43.
   Google Scholar
• Carotti S, Morini S, Corradini SG, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein as an early marker of hepatic stellate cell activation in chronic and posttransplant recurrent hepatitis C. Liver Transplant. 2008;14:806–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nepomnyashchikh GI, Aidagulova SV, Nepomnyashchikh DL, Kapustina VI, Postnikova OA. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of hepatic stellate cells over the course of infectious viral fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2006;142:723–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmet VJ, Gerber M, Hoofnagle JH, Manns M, Scheuer PJ. Classification of chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging. Hepatology. 1994;19:1513–1520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunt EM. Grading and staging the histopathological lesions of chronic hepatitis: The Knodell histology activity index and beyond. Hepatology. 2000;31:241–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmoulière A, Chaponnier C, Gabbiani G. Tissue repair, contraction, and the myofibroblast. Wound Repair Regen. 2005;13:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinz B, Phan SH, Thannickal VJ, Galli A, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Gabbiani G. The myofibroblast: one function multiple origins. Am J Pathol. 2007;170:1807–1816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schürch W, Seemayer TA, Hinz B, Gabbiani G. Myofibroblast. In: Mills SE, ed. Histology for Pathologists. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007:125–157.
   Google Scholar
• Kobold D, Grundmann A, Piscaglia F, et al. Expression of reelin in hepatic stellate cells and during hepatic tissue repair: a novel marker for the differentiation of HSC from other liver myofibroblasts. J Hepatol. 2002;36:607–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canbay A, Higuchi H, Bronk SF, Taniai M, Sebo TJ, Gores GJ. Fas enhances fibrogenesis in the bile duct ligated mouse: a link between apoptosis and fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1323–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canbay A, Friedman S, Gores GJ. Apoptosis: the nexus of liver injury and fibrosis. Hepatology. 2004;39:273–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman SL. In: Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WC. eds. Schiff's diseases of the liver. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003:413–424.
   Google Scholar
• Caprino G, Morini S, Franchitto A, et al. Alpha-SMA expression in hepatic stellate cells and quantitative analysis of hepatic fibrosis in cirrhosis and in recurrent chronic hepatitis after liver transplantation. Dig Liver Dis. 2005;37:349–356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomanovic NR, Boricic IV, Brasanac DC, Stojsic ZM, Delic DC, Brmbolic BJ. Activated liver stellate cells in chronic viral hepatitis: histopathological and immunohistochemical study. J Gastrointest Liver Dis. 2009;18:163–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar