REFERENCES
- Al-Attar A, Mess S, Thomassen JM, et al. Keloid pathogenesis and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;117: 286–300
- Butler PD, Longaker MT, Yang GP. Current progress in keloid research and treatment. J Am Coll Surg 2008;206: 731–741
- Robles DT, Berg D. Abnormal wound healing: Keloids. Clin Dermatol 2007;25: 26–32
- Bayat A, Arscott G, Ollier WER, et al. Description of site-specific morphology in an Afrocaribbean population. British Assoc Plast Surg 2004;57: 122–33
- Hellstrőm M, Hellstrőm S, Engstrőm-Leurent A, Bertheim U. The structure of the basement membrane zone differs between keloids, hypertrophic scars and normal skin. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg 2014 . [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2014.06.014
- Young B, Heath JW. Wheater's functional histology: A text and colour Atlas, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Limited, 2006
- Tuan T, Zuh JY, Sun B, et al. Elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 may account for the altered fibrinolysis by keloid fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106: 1007–11
- Kelly, Clay M. Skin disorders and their management. Prosthetics and Patient Management: A Comprehensive Clinical Approach 2006;53
- Bran GM, Goessler UR, Hormann K, et al. Keloids: Current concepts of pathogenesis (Review) Int J Molec Med 2009;24: 283–93
- Lee Choi K, Claman HN. Mast cells, fibroblasts and fibrosis. New clues to the riddle of mast cells. Immunol Res 1985;6: 145–52
- Hawkins RA, Claman HN, Clark RAF, Steigerwald JC. Increased dermal mast cell populations in progressive systemic sclerosis: A link in chronic fibrosis? Ann Intern Med 1985;102: 182–6
- Ozbilgin MK, Inan S. The roles of transforming growth factor type β3 (TFG-β3) and mast cells in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. Clin Rheumatol 2003;22: 189–95
- Smith CJ, Smith JC, Finn MC. The possible role of mast cells (allergy) in the production of keloid and hypertrophic scarring. J Burn Care Rehabil 1987;8: 126–31
- Mouhari-Toure A, Saka B, Kombate K, et al. Is there an association between keloids and blood groups. ISRN Dermatol 2012;2012: 750908
- Bakry OA, Samaka RM, Basha MA, et al. Hemtopoietic stem cells: Do they have a role in keloid pathogenesis? Ultrastruct Pathol 2014;38: 55–65
- Hugle T, White K, van Laar JM. Cell-to-cell-contact of activated mast cells with fibroblasts and lymphocytes in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71: 1582–3
- Sarchio SNE, Kok L, O'Sullivan C, et al. Dermal mast cells affect the development of sunlight-induced skin tumours. Exp Dermatol 2012;21: 241–8
- Zhang W, Wu K, He W, et al. Transforming growth factor beta 1 plays an important role in inducing CD4+ CD25+ forhead box P3+ regulatory T cells by mast cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2010;161: 490–6
- Beer TW, Baldwin H, West L, et al. Mast cells in pathological and surgical scars. Br J Ophthamol 1998;82: 691–4
- Moyer KE, Saggers GC, Ehrlich HP. Mast cells promote fibroblast populated collagen lattice contraction through gap junction intercellular communication. Wound Rep Reg 2004;12: 269–75
- Montes GS. Structural biology of the fibers of the collagenous and elastic systems. Cell Biol Int 1996;20: 15–27
- Rich L, Whittaker P. Collagen and picrosirius red staining: A polarized light assessment of fibrillar hue and spatial distribution. Braz J Morphol Sci 2005;22: 97–104
- Shaker SA, Ayoub NN, Hajrah NH. Cell talk: A phenomenon observed in the keloid scar by immunohistochemical study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2011;9: 153–9
- Canty EG, Kadler KE. Procollagen trafficking, processing and fibrillogenesis. J Cell Sci 2005;118: 1341–53
- Diegelmann RF, Evans MC. Wound healing: An overview of acute, fibrotic and delayed healing. Front Biosci 2004;9: 283–9
- Kadler KE, Baldock C, Bella J, Boot-Handford RP. Collagens at a glance. J Cell Sci 2007;120: 1955–8
- Bella J, Liu J, Kramer R, et al. Conformational effects of Gly-X-Gly interruptions in the collagen triple helix. J Mol Biol 2006;362: 298–311
- Hulmes DJS. Building collagen molecules, fibrils and suprafibrillar structures. J Struct Biol 2002;137: 2–10
- Greenspan DS. Biosynthestic processing of collagen molecules. Top Curr Chem 2005;247: 149–83
- Brown JC, Timpl R. The collagen superfamily. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995;107: 484–90
- Prockop DJ, Hulmes DJS. Assembly of collagen fibrils de novo from soluble precursors: Polymerization and copolymerization of procollagen, pN-collagen, and mutated collagens. Extracellular matrix assembly and structure. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1994:47–90
- Broder C, Arnold P, Vadon-Le Goff C, et al. Metalloproteases meprin α and meprin β are C- and N-procollagen proteinase important for collagen assembly and tensile strength. PNAS 2013;110: 14219–24
- Turtle E, Chow N, Yang C, et al. Design and synthesis of procollagen C-proteinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012;22: 7397–401
- Sandberg N. Accelerated collagen formation and histamine. Nature 1962;194: 183
- Ehrlich HP, Desmouliere A, Diegelmann RF, et al. Morphological and immunochemical differences between keloid and hypertrophic scar. Am J Pathol 1994;145: 105–13
- Muller MM. Inflammation in epithelial skin tumors: Old stories, new ideas. Eur J Cancer 2006;42: 735–44
- Rothe MJ, Kerdel FA. The mast cell in fibrosis. Int J Dermatol 1991;30: 13–16
- Plack OJ, Lewis VL. Immunologic association of keloids. Surg Gynaecol Obstet 1992;175: 185–93
- Gruber BL. Mast cells in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2003;5: 147–53
- Dvorak AM. Ultrastructural studies of human basophils and mast cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2005;53: 1043–70
- Ruoss SJ, Caughney GH. Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils in the evolution of pulmonary fibrosis. In: Phan SH, Thrall RS, eds. Pulmonary fibrosis. New York: Marcell-Decker, Inc., 1995:455–80
- Atkins FM, Friedman MM, Pillarisetti V, et al. Interaction between mast cells, fibroblasts and connective tissue components. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1985;77: 96–102
- Kawanomi O, Ferrans VJ, Fulmer JD, Crystal RG. Ultrastructure of pulmonary mast cells with fibrotic lung disorders. Lab Invest 1979;40: 717–34
- Heard B, Dewar A, Carrin B. Apposition of fibroblasts to mast cells an lymphocytes in normal human lung and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Ultrastructure and cell perimeter measurements. J Pathol 1992;166: 303–10
- Willenborg S, Eckes B, Brinckmann J, et al. Genetic ablation of mast cells redefines the role of mast cells in skin wound healing and bleomycin-induced fibrosis. J Invest Derm 2014;134: 2005–15
- Luo S, Benathan M, Raffoul W, et al. Abnormal balance between proliferation and apoptotic cell death in fibroblasts derived from keloid lesions. Plast Recontr Surg 2001;107: 89–96
- Smith JC, Boone BE, Opalenik SR, et al. Gene profiling of keloid fibroblasts shows altered expression in multiple fibrosis-associated pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128: 1298–310
- Russell SB, Russell JD, Trupin KM, et al. Epigenetically altered wound healing in keloid fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2010;130: 2489–96
- Mastri M, Shah Z, Hseih K, et al. Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 as a target in antifibrotic therapeutic intervention. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013;306: 531–9
- Zhang Z, Nie N, Kang C, et al. Increased periostin expression affects the proliferation, collagen synthesis, migration and invasion of keloid fibroblasts under hypoxic conditions. Int J Mol Med 2014;34: 253–61