973
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

The critical limiting temperature and selective brain cooling: neuroprotection during exercise?

Pages 582-590 | Received 04 Mar 2011, Accepted 13 May 2011, Published online: 16 Aug 2011

References

  • Hawking S. Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays. Bantam, New York 1993
  • Singh S. Big Bang: The Most Important Scientific Discovery of all Time and Why you Need to Know about it. Harper Collins, London 2004
  • Nybo L, Nielsen B. Hyperthermia and central fatigue during prolonged exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91: 1055–1060
  • Walters TJ, Ryan KL, Tate LM, Mason PA. Exercise in the heat is limited by a critical internal temperature. J Appl Physiol 2000; 89: 799–806
  • Mitchell D, Maloney SK, Jessen C, Laburn HP, Kamerman PR, Mitchell G, Fuller A. Adapative heterothermy and selective brain cooling in arid-zone mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol Part B 2002; 131: 571–85
  • Taylor CR. The vascularity and possible thermoregulatory function of the horns in goats. Physiol Zool 1966; 39: 127–139
  • Baker MA, Hayward JN. Carotid rete and brain temperature of cat. Nature 1967; 216: 139–141
  • Nybo L, White MD. Do humans have selective brain cooling?. Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise, NAS Taylor, H Groeller. Elsevier, London, Churchill, Livingstone 2008; 473–479
  • White MD, Greiner JG, McDonald PLL, Nybo L, Secher NH. Point:Counterpoint humans do/do not demostrate selective brain cooling during hyperthermia. J Appl Physiol 2011; 110: 569–571
  • Nielsen B, Hales JRS, Strange S, Christensen NJ, Warberg J, Saltin B. Human circulatory and thermoregulatory adaptations with heat acclimation and exercise in a hot, dry environment. J Physiol 1993; 460: 467–485
  • González-Alonso J, Teller C, Anderson SL, Jensen FB, Hyldig T, Nielsen B. Influence of body temperature on the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 1032–1039
  • Lassen N. Normal average value of cerebral blood flow in younger adults is 50 mL/100 g/min. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985; 5: 347–349
  • Bynum GD, Pandolf KB, Schuette WH, Goldman RF, Lees DE, Whang-Peng J, Atkinson ER, Bull JM. Induced hyperthermia in sedated humans and the concept of critical thermal maximum. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1978; 235: R228–R236
  • Ely BR, Ely MR, Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, DeGroot DW, Montain SJ. Evidence against a 40°C core temperature threshold for fatigue in humans. J Appl Physiol 2009; 107: 1519–1525
  • Byrne C, Lee JKW, Chew SAN, Lim CL, Tan EYM. Continuous thermoregulatory responses to mass-participation distance running in heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 803–810
  • Caputa M, Feistkorn G, Jessen C. Effects of brain and trunk temperatures on exercise performance in goats. Pflügers Arch 1986; 406: 184–189
  • McConaghy FF, Hales JR, Rose RJ, Hodgson DR. Selective brain cooling in the horse during exercise and environmental heat stress. J Appl Physiol 1995; 79: 1849–1854
  • Fuller CA, Baker MA. Selective regulation of brain and body temperatures in the squirrel monkey. Am J Physiol Reg Integ Comp Physiol 1983; 245: R293–R297
  • Baker MA, Chapman LW. Rapid brain cooling in exercising dogs. Science 1977; 195: 781–783
  • Parkin JM, Carey MF, Zhao S, Febbraio MA. Effect of ambient temperature on human skeletal muscle metabolism during fatiguing submaximal exercise. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 902–908
  • Febbraio MA. Does muscle function and metabolism affect exercise performance in the heat?. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2000; 28: 171–176
  • Nassif C, Ferreira APA, Gomes AR, De Martin-Silva L, Garcia ES, Marino FE. Double blind carbohydrate ingestion does not improve exercise duration in warm humid conditions. J Sci Med Sport 2008; 11: 72–79
  • Ray CA, Gracey KH. Augmentation of exercise-induced muscle sympathetic nerve activity during muscle heating. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82: 1719–1725
  • Dubois M, Coppola R, Buchsbaum MS, Lees DE. Somatosensory evoked potentials during whole body hyperthermia in humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1981; 52: 157–162
  • Dubois M, Sato S, Lees DE, Bull JM, Smith R, White BG, Moore H, Macnamara TE. Electroencephalographic changes during whole body hyperthermia in humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1980; 50: 486–495
  • Nybo L, Nielsen B. Perceived exertion is associated with an altered brain activity during exercise with progressive hyperthermia. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91: 2017–2023
  • Nielsen B, Hyldig T, Bidstrup F, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Christoffersen GRJ. Brain activity and fatigue during prologed exercise in the heat. Pflugers Arch 2001; 442: 41–48
  • Marino FE. Methods, advantages, and limitations of body cooling for exercise performance. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36: 89–94
  • Saboisky J, Marino FE, Kay D, Cannon J. Exercise heat stress does not reduce central activation to non-exercised human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2003; 88: 783–790
  • Martin P, Marino FE, Rattey J, Kay D, Cannon J. Reduced voluntary activation of skeletal muscle during shortening and lengthening contractions in whole body hyperthermia. Exp Physiol 2005; 90: 225–236
  • Fuller A, Carter RN, Mitchell D. Brain and abdominal temperatures at fatigue in rats exercising in the heat. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84: 877–883
  • Morrison S, Sleivert GG, Cheung SC. Passive hyperthermia reduces voluntary activation and isometric force production. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 91: 729–736
  • Guthrie TC, Nelson DA. Influence of temperature changes on multiple sclerosis: A critical review of mechanisms and research potential. J Neurol Sci 1995; 129: 1–8
  • Marino FE. Heat reactions in multiple sclerosis: An overlooked paradigm in the study of comparative fatigue. Int J Hyperth 2009; 25: 34–40
  • Todd G, Butler JE, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. Hyperthermia: A failure of the motor cortex and the muscle. J Physiol 2005; 563: 621–631
  • Ross EZ, Middleton N, Shave R, George K, Nowicky A. Corticomotor excitability contributes to neuromuscular fatigue following marathon running in man. Exp Physiol 2007; 92: 417–426
  • Marino F. Relationship between muscular effort and generalized central fatigue following marathon running in man. Exp Physiol 2007; 92: 779–780
  • Tucker R, Marle T, Lambert EV, Noakes TD. The rate of heat storage mediates an anticipatory reduction in exercise intensity during cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion. J Physiol 2006; 574: 905–915
  • Tucker R, Rauch L, Harley YXR, Noakes TD. Impaired exercise performance in the heat associated with an anticipatory reduction in skeletal muscle recruitment. Pflügers Arch 2004; 448: 422–430
  • Marino FE, Lambert MI, Noakes TD. Superior performance of African runners in warm humid but not in cool environmental conditions. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 124–130
  • Maughan RJ, Leiper JB, Thompson J. Rectal temperature after marathon running. Br J Sports Med 1985; 19: 192–196
  • Watson P, Hasegawa H, Roelands B, Piacentini MF, Looverie R, Meeusen R. Acute dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances human exercise performance in warm, but not temperate conditions. J Physiol 2005; 565: 873–883
  • Roelands B, Hasegawa H, Watson P, Piacentini MF, Buyse L, De Schutter G, Meeusen R. Performance and thermoregulatory eVects of chronic bupropion administration in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 105: 493–498
  • Rutkove SB. Effects of temperature on neuromuscular electrophysiology. Muscle Nerve. 2001; 24: 867–882
  • Baker MA. Brain cooling in endotherms in heat and exercise. Annu Rev Physiol 1982; 44: 85–96
  • Jessen C. Selective brain cooling in mammals and birds. Jpn J Physiol 2001; 51: 291–301
  • Cabanac M. Keeping a cool head. News Physiol Sci 1986; 1: 41–44
  • Cabanac M. Selective brain cooling in humans: ‘Fancy’ or fact?. FASEB J 1993; 7: 1143–1146
  • Zenker W, Kubik S. Brain cooling in humans – Anatomical considerations. Anat Embryol 1996; 193: 1–13
  • White MD, Cabanac M. Nasal mucosal vasodilatation in response to passive hyperthermia in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995; 70: 207–212
  • Mariak Z, White MD, Lewko J, Lyson T, Piekarski P. Direct cooling of the human brain by heat loss from the upper respiratory tract. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 1609–1613
  • Nybo L, Secher NH, Nielsen B. Inadequate heat release from the human brain during prolonged exercise with hyperthermia. J Physiol 2002; 545: 667–704
  • Nybo L, Nielsen B. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity is reduced with hyperthermia during prolonged exercise in humans. J Physiol 2001; 534: 279–286
  • Nybo L, Moller K, Volianitis S, Nielsen B, Secher NH. Effects of hyperthermia on cerebral blood flow and metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 2002; 93: 58–64
  • Halliburton WD. The death temperature of nerve. Quaterley Journal of Experimental Physiology 1915; 9: 193–198
  • Bowler K, Tirri R. The temperature characteristics of synaptic membrane ATPase from immature and adult rat brain. J Neurochem 1974; 23: 611–613
  • Burger FJ, Fuhrman FA. Evidence of injury by heat in mammalian tissues. Am J Physiol 1964; 206: 1057–1061
  • Gwozdz BA, Dyduch H, Grzybek H, Panz B. Structural changes in brain mitochondria of mice subjected to hyperthermia. Exp Pathol 1978; 15: 124–126
  • Jung H. A generalised concept for cell killing by heat. Radiat Res 1986; 106: 56–72
  • Dewey WC. Arrhenius relationships from the molecule and cell to the clinic. Int J Hyperth 2009; 25: 3–20
  • Armada-da-Silva PAS, Woods J, Jones DA. The effect of passive heating and face cooling on perceived exertion during exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol 2004; 91: 563–571
  • Irmak M, Korkmaz A, Erogul O. Selective brain cooling seems to be a mechanism leading to human craniofacial diversity observed in different geographical regions. Med Hypotheses 2004; 63: 974–979

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.