Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone dynamics in the acute phase of subarachnoid haemorrhage

References

• Savaridas T, Andrews PJ, Harris B. Cortisol dynamics following acute severe brain injury. Intensive Care Med 2004;30(7):1479–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermes I, Beishuizen A, Hampsink RM, Haanen C. Dissociation of plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol levels in critically ill patients: possible role of endothelin and atrial natriuretic hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80(4):1238–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koiv L, Merisalu E, Zilmer K, Tomberg T, Kaasik AE. Changes of sympatho-adrenal and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical system in patients with head injury. Acta Neurol Scand 1997;96(1):52–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermes I, Beishuizen A. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to critical illness. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;15(4):495–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf PD, McDonald JV, Feliciano DV, Kelly MM, Nichols D, Cox C. The catecholamine response to multisystem trauma. Arch Surg 1992;127(8):899–903.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurcombe SD, Toribio RE, Slovis N, et al. Blood arginine vasopressin, adrenocorticotropin hormone, and cortisol concentrations at admission in septic and critically ill foals and their association with survival. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22(3):639–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King LR, McLaurin RL, Lewis HP, Knowles HC Jr. Plasma cortisol levels after head injury. Ann Surg 1970;172(6):975–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riutta A, Ylitalo P, Kaukinen S. Diurnal variation of melatonin and cortisol is maintained in non-septic intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med 2009;35(10):1720–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins JS, Buckell M, Carter AB, Westlake S. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br Med J 1969;4(5685):707–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bendel S, Koivisto T, Ruokonen E, et al. Pituitary-adrenal function in patients with acute subarachnoid haemorrhage: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2008;12(5):R126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangieri P, Suzuki K, Ferreira M, Domingues L, Casulari LA. Evaluation of pituitary and thyroid hormones in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2003;61(1):14–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espiner EA, Leikis R, Ferch RD, et al. The neuro-cardio-endocrine response to acute subarachnoid haemorrhage. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002;56(5):629–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poll EM, Bostrom A, Burgel U, et al. Cortisol dynamics in the acute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage – associations with disease severity and outcome. J Neurotrauma 2009;27(1):189–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starmark JE, Stalhammar D, Holmgren E. The Reaction Level Scale (RLS85).Manual and guidelines. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1988;91(1–2):12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness.A practical scale.. Lancet 1974;2(7872):81–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake G. Report of World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Committee on a Universal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Grading Scale. J Neurosurg 1988;68(June):985–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 1980;6(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claassen J, Carhuapoma JR, Kreiter KT, Du EY, Connolly ES, Mayer SA. Global cerebral edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome. Stroke 2002;33(5):1225–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975;1(7905):480–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesarini KG, Hardemark HG, Persson L. Improved survival after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: review of case management during a 12-year period. J Neurosurg 1999;90(4): 664–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritz MB, Giannotta SL, Kindt GW, McGillicuddy JE, Prager RL. Treatment of patients with neurological deficits associated with cerebral vasospasm by intravascular volume expansion. Neurosurgery 1978;3(3):364–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neil-Dwyer G, Cruickshank J, Stott A, Brice J. The urinary catecholamine and plasma cortisol levels in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Sci 1974;22(3):375–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naito Y, Fukata J, Tamai S, et al. Biphasic changes in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function during the early recovery period after major abdominal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73(1):111–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth-Isigkeit AK, Schmucker P. Postoperative dissociation of blood levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropin after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Steroids 1997;62(11):695–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weant KA, Sasaki-Adams D, Dziedzic K, Ewend M. Acute relative adrenal insufficiency after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2008;63(4):645–49; discussion 649–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groeneveld AB, Beishuizen A, Molenaar N. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity after intracranial catastrophies: what is enough?. Crit Care 2009;13(1):103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arafah BM. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal function during critical illness: limitations of current assessment methods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(10):3725–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernow B, Alexander HR, Smallridge RC, et al. Hormonal responses to graded surgical stress. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147(7):1273–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vergouwen MD, vanGeloven N, deHaan RJ, Kruyt ND, Vermeulen M, Roos YB. Increased cortisol levels are associated with delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2010;12(3):342–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naredi S, Lambert G, Eden E, et al. Increased sympathetic nervous activity in patients with nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2000;31(4):901–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catania A, Lonati C, Sordi A, Gatti S. Detrimental consequences of brain injury on peripheral cells. Brain Behav Immun 2009;23(7):877–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul T, Lemmer B. Disturbance of circadian rhythms in analgosedated intensive care unit patients with and without craniocerebral injury. Chronobiol Int 2007;24(1):45–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs GV, Marchetti C, Brown AM. Involvement of sodium channels and two types of calcium channels in the regulation of adrenocorticotropin release. Endocrinology 1987;120(5): 2059–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraicer J, Milligan JV, Gosbee JL, Conrad RG, Branson CM. In vitro release of ACTH: effects of potassium, calcium and corticosterone. Endocrinology 1969;85(6):1144–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa G, Saija A, Caputi AP. Effect of nimodipine, a new calcium antagonist, on ACTH and corticosterone release ‘in vivo’ and ‘in vitro’. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1983;41(3):355–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lefkowitz RJ, Roth J, Pastan I. Effects of calcium on ACTH stimulation of the adrenal: separation of hormone binding from adenyl cyclase activation. Nature 1970;228(5274):864–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raff H, Norton AJ, Flemma RJ, Findling JW. Inhibition of the adrenocorticotropin response to surgery in humans: interaction between dexamethasone and fentanyl. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;65(2):295–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amado JA, Diago MC. Delayed ACTH response to human corticotropin-releasing hormone during cardiopulmonary bypass under diazepam-high dose fentanyl anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1994;49(4):300–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar